Michal Schwartz

Michal Schwartz is a Professor of neuroimmunology at The Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. Schwartz was the first to claim that the integrity of the immune system is pivotal for neural tissue survival and repair. She pioneered the concept of “protective autoimmunity” and its role in CNS maintenance, cognitive activity, and cell renewal from adult stem cells in the healthy and the diseased CNS. Her work has led to a paradigm shift in the perception of central issues in immunology, neurobiology, and adult neural stem cells by suggesting, against the common wisdom, that immune surveillance by autoreactive T cells maintain, fight off, and correct dysfunction of the CNS. Her publications include numerous peer-reviewed articles and invited reviews, many of which appear in the highest ranked journals. Schwartz has received a number of prestigious awards for her research, including the 2002 Friedenwald Award. She was appointed by the American Spinal Cord Injury Association, to the Distinguished G. Heiner Sell Memorial Lectureship in 2002 for outstanding achievement in the field of spinal cord injury. Lately she was one of the recipients of the The Mental Health Research Association (NARSAD) Distinguished Investigative Award. She has developed a cell-based therapy, based on the therapeutic activity of immune cells, for partial recovery after severe spinal cord injury. Her novel view of the cross-talk between the immune and the nervous systems is a basis for development of therapeutic vaccinations, and for searching for biological markers for chronic neurodegenerative disorders.

Biography Updated on 27 June 2007

Articles in Scholarly Journals [Incomplete List]

  1. A Novel Immune-Based Therapy for Stroke Induces Neuroprotection and Supports Neurogenesis
    Stroke, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 774–782, 2007
  2. Chondroitin Sulfate-Derived Disaccharide Protects Retinal Cells from Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Aged and Immunocompromised Rats
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1181–1190, 2007
  3. Induction and blockage of oligodendrogenesis by differently activated microglia in an animal model of multiple sclerosis
    Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 905–915, 2006
  4. Immune-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Repair: Autologous Macrophages and Beyond
    Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 360–370, 2006
  5. A sulfated disaccharide derived from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan protects against inflammation-associated neurodegeneration
    The FASEB Journal, 2006
  6. Does Inflammation in an Autoimmune Disease Differ from Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Possible Implications for Therapy
    Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 4–10, 2006
  7. Microglia activated by IL-4 or IFN-? differentially induce neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis from adult stem/progenitor cells
    Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 149–160, 2006
  8. Loss of autoimmune T cells correlates with brain diseases: possible implications for schizophrenia?
    Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 107–112, 2006
  9. Microglial phenotype: is the commitment reversible?
    Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 68–74, 2006
  10. Neuroprotection induced by mucosal tolerance is epitope-dependent: Conflicting effects in different strains
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 175, no. 1-2, pp. 31–38, 2006
  11. Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood
    Nature Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID nn1629, 7 pages, 2006
  12. Synergy between immune cells and adult neural stem/progenitor cells promotes functional recovery from spinal cord injury
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 35, pp. 13174–13179, 2006
  13. From the Cover: Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer's disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 31, pp. 11784–11789, 2006
  14. Protective autoimmunity and neuroprotection in inflammatory and noninflammatory neurodegenerative diseases
    Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 233, no. 1-2, pp. 163–166, 2005
  15. Activation of microglia by aggregated ß-amyloid or lipopolysaccharide impairs MHC-II expression and renders them cytotoxic whereas IFN-? and IL-4 render them protective
    Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 381–393, 2005
  16. Pattern electroretinography in a rat model of ocular hypertension: functional evidence for early detection of inner retinal damage
    Experimental Eye Research, 2005
  17. Beneficial autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
    Trends in Immunology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 248–253, 2005
  18. T-cell-based vaccination for morphological and functional neuroprotection in a rat model of chronically elevated intraocular pressure
    Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 83, no. 11, pp. 904–916, 2005
  19. T???Cell???Based Vaccination Against Neurodegeneration: A New Therapeutic Approach
    Retina, vol. 25, no. Supplement, pp. S33–S35, 2005
  20. Post-Intoxication Vaccination for Protection of Neurons against the Toxicity of Nerve Agents
    Toxicological Sciences, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 163–168, 2005
  21. Lessons for Glaucoma From Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: Can One Treatment Suit Them All?*
    Journal of Glaucoma, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 321–323, 2005
  22. Therapeutic T Cell-Based Vaccination for Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Role of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1051, no. 1, pp. 701–708, 2005
  23. Controlled Autoimmunity in CNS Maintenance and Repair: Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-Cells at the Crossroads of Health and Disease
    NeuroMolecular Medicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 197–206, 2005
  24. Protective autoimmunity: interferon-gamma enables microglia to remove glutamate without evoking inflammatory mediators
    Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 997–1009, 2005
  25. Dopamine, through the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway, Downregulates CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-Cell Activity: Implications for Neurodegeneration
    Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 27, pp. 6133–6143, 2004
  26. The therapeutic window after spinal cord injury can accommodate T cell-based vaccination and methylprednisolone in rats
    European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 2984–2990, 2004
  27. Low-dose gamma-irradiation promotes survival of injured neurons in the central nervous system via homeostasis-driven proliferation of T cells
    European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1191–1198, 2004
  28. A disaccharide derived from chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan promotes central nervous system repair in rats and mice+
    European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1973–1983, 2004
  29. Vaccination with autoantigen protects against aggregated ?-amyloid and glutamate toxicity by controlling microglia: effect of CD4+CD25+ T?cells
    European Journal of Immunology, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 3434–3445, 2004
  30. Self and non-self discrimination is needed for the existence rather than deletion of autoimmunity: the role of regulatory T cells in protective autoimmunity
    Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 61, no. 18, 2004
  31. Early activation of microglia as antigen-presenting cells correlates with T cell-mediated protection and repair of the injured central nervous system
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 146, no. 1-2, pp. 84–93, 2004
  32. Therapeutic T-cell-based vaccination versus pharmacological intervention for neuroprotection: restoring lost homeostasis
    Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 281–286, 2004
  33. A common vaccine for fighting neurodegenerative disorders: recharging immunity for homeostasis
    Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 407–412, 2004
  34. Autoimmunity as an immune defense against degenerative processes: a primary mathematical model illustrating the bright side of autoimmunity*1
    Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 227, no. 4, pp. 583–592, 2004
  35. Vaccination for glaucoma: dream or reality?
    Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 481–484, 2004
  36. Optic nerve crush: protection and regeneration
    Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 467–471, 2004
  37. T cell deficiency leads to cognitive dysfunction: Implications for therapeutic vaccination for schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 21, pp. 8180–8185, 2004
  38. Dual effect of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in neurodegeneration: A dialogue with microglia
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. suppl_2, pp. 14663–14669, 2004
  39. Therapeutic vaccine for acute and chronic motor neuron diseases: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 8, pp. 4790–4795, 2003
  40. Harm or heal – divergent effects of autoimmune neuroinflammation?
    Trends in Immunology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5–6, 2003
  41. Autoimmunity as a special case of immunity: removing threats from within
    Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 88–93, 2003
  42. Epilepsy associated with pediatric brain tumors: the neuro-oncologic perspective
    Pediatric Neurology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 232–235, 2003
  43. Beneficial effect of orally administered myelin basic protein inEAE-susceptible Lewis rats in a model of acute CNSdegeneration
    Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 131–138, 2003
  44. Therapeutic vaccination for spinal cord injury: helping the body to cure itself
    Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 7–12, 2003
  45. Protective autoimmunity against the enemy within: fighting glutamate toxicity
    Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 297–302, 2003
  46. Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Injury: Are They Helpful or Harmful?
    Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, pp. 385–394, 2003
  47. Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Development of a Therapeutic Neuroprotective Vaccine: The Friedenwald Lecture
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1407–1411, 2003
  48. Antigenic Specificity of Immunoprotective Therapeutic Vaccination for Glaucoma
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 3374–3381, 2003
  49. Autoimmunity as the Body's Defense Mechanism Against the Enemy Within: Development of Therapeutic Vaccines for Neurodegenerative Disorders
    Journal of NeuroVirology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 480–485, 2002
  50. Neuroprotective Effect of Memantine in Different Retinal Injury Models in Rats
    Journal of Glaucoma, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 474–480, 2002
  51. Myelin specific Th1 cells are necessary for post-traumatic protective autoimmunity
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 130, no. 1-2, pp. 78–85, 2002
  52. Erratum to “Myelin specific Th1 cells are necessary for post-traumatic protective autoimmunity” [J. Neuroimmunol. 130 (2002) 78–85]
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 132, no. 1-2, p. 196, 2002
  53. Dual action of glatiramer acetate (Cop-1) in the treatment of CNS autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders
    Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 319–323, 2002
  54. Autoimmunity on alert: naturally occurring regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells as part of the evolutionary compromise between a ‘need’ and a ‘risk’
    Trends in Immunology, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 530–534, 2002
  55. Immune-related mechanisms participating in resistance and susceptibility to glutamate toxicity
    European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 557–564, 2002
  56. Sexual dimorphism in the spontaneous recovery from spinal cord injury: a gender gap in beneficial autoimmunity?
    European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1731–1740, 2002
  57. Neuroprotective autoimmunity: Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress the ability to withstand injury to the central nervous system
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 24, pp. 15620–15625, 2002
  58. Prospects for therapeutic vaccination with glatiramer acetate for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease
    Drug Development Research, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 143–149, 2002
  59. Diffusion anisotropy MRI for quantitative assessment of recovery in injured rat spinal cord
    Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2001
  60. T cell mediated neuroprotection is a physiological response to central nervous system insults
    Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 594–597, 2001
  61. Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: Implications for glaucoma
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 3398–3403, 2001
  62. Thrombin attenuation is neuroprotective in the injured rat optic nerve
    Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 641–649, 2001
  63. Vaccination with a Nogo-A-derived peptide after incomplete spinal-cord injury promotes recovery via a T-cell-mediated neuroprotective response: Comparison with other myelin antigens
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 26, pp. 15173–15178, 2001
  64. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 617–627, 2001
  65. Protective autoimmunity: regulation and prospects for vaccination after brain and spinal cord injuries
    Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 252–258, 2001
  66. Physiological Approaches to NeuroprotectionBoosting of Protective Autoimmunity
    Survey of Ophthalmology, vol. 45, pp. S256–S260, 2001
  67. Beneficial immune activity after CNS injury: prospects for vaccination
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 185–192, 2001
  68. Increased post-traumatic survival of neurons in IL-6-knockout mice on a background of EAE susceptibility
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2001
  69. T-cell-based immunity counteracts the potential toxicity of glutamate in the central nervous system
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 199–204, 2001
  70. T cell-mediated neuroprotection involves antithrombin activity
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 121, no. 1-2, pp. 12–21, 2001
  71. Protective autoimmunity as a T-cell response to central nervous system trauma: prospects for therapeutic vaccines
    Progress in Neurobiology, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 489–496, 2001
  72. Immunological Approaches to the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury
    BioDrugs, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 585–593, 2001
  73. Posttraumatic therapeutic vaccination with modified myelin self-antigen prevents complete paralysis while avoiding autoimmune disease
    Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 591–599, 2001
  74. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 107–111, 2000
  75. Autoimmunity can benefit self-maintenance
    Immunology Today, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 265–268, 2000
  76. Delayed post-traumatic visual loss: a clinical dilemma
    Pediatric Neurology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 133–135, 2000
  77. Autoimmune T cells as potential neuroprotective therapy for spinal cord injury
    The Lancet, vol. 355, no. 9200, pp. 286–287, 2000
  78. Autoimmune T cells retard the loss of function in injured rat optic nerves
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 106, no. 1-2, pp. 189–197, 2000
  79. T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: Possible therapy for optic neuropathies
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 97, no. 13, pp. 7446–7451, 2000
  80. Protective autoimmunity: potential treatment for traumatized optic nerves
    Neuro-Ophthalmology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 395–399, 2000
  81. VISUAL PATHWAY TUMORS AND HYDROCEPHALUS
    Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 463–468, 2000
  82. Production of Neurotrophins by Activated T Cells: Implications for Neuroprotective Autoimmunity
    Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 331–345, 2000
  83. Vaccination for T cell-mediated neuroprotection: Dream or reality?
    Drug Development Research, vol. 50, no. 3-4, pp. 223–225, 2000
  84. The remedy may lie in ourselves: prospects for immune cell therapy in central nervous system protection and repair
    Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 77, no. 10, pp. 713–717, 1999
  85. 'Axogenic' and 'somagenic' neurodegenerative diseases: definitions and therapeutic implications
    Molecular Medicine Today, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 470–473, 1999
  86. Nature Medicine, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 49–55, 1999
  87. Link between optic nerve regrowth failure and macrophage stimulation in mammals
    Vision Research, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 169–175, 1999
  88. Autoimmune maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 111–114, 1999
  89. Innate and adaptive immune responses can be beneficial for CNS repair
    Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 295–299, 1999
  90. Potential Repair of Rat Spinal Cord Injuries Using Stimulated Homologous Macrophages
    Neurosurgery, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1041–1045, 1999
  91. Accumulation of passively transferred primed T cells independently of their antigen specificity following central nervous system trauma
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 89, no. 1-2, pp. 88–96, 1998
  92. Potential Neuroprotective Therapy for Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
    Survey of Ophthalmology, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 367–372, 1998
  93. Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats
    Nature Medicine, vol. 4, no. 7, Article ID nm0798-814, 7 pages, 1998
  94. Restricted inflammatory reaction in the CNS: a key impediment to axonal regeneration?
    Molecular Medicine Today, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 337–342, 1998
  95. Diffuse brain stem gliomas
    Child's Nervous System, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 578–581, 1998
  96. GTP-dependent conformational changes associated with the functional switch between Ga and cross-linking activities in brain-derived tissue transglutaminase1 ?
    Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 282, no. 4, pp. 713–720, 1998
  97. Differential effects of central and peripheral nerves on macrophages and microglia
    Glia, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 181–190, 1998
  98. Peripheral nerve-stimulated macrophages simulate a peripheral nerve-like regenerative response in rat transected optic nerve
    Glia, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 329–337, 1998
  99. Degeneration of Spared Axons Following Partial White Matter Lesion: Implications for Optic Nerve Neuropathies
    Experimental Neurology, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 1998
  100. Expression of GTP-dependent and GTP-independent Tissue-type Transglutaminase in Cytokine-treated Rat Brain Astrocytes
    Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 6, pp. 3724–3732, 1997
  101. Optic nerve disease and injury: Prospects for induction of regeneration
    Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 569–582, 1996
  102. Complete transection of rat optic nerve while sparing the meninges and the vasculature: an experimental model for optic nerve neuropathy and trauma
    Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 21–25, 1996
  103. Macrophage recruitment to acutely injured central nervous system is inhibited by a resident factor: a basis for an immune-brain barrier
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 89–96, 1995
  104. Glial cell types, lineages, and response to injury in rat and fish: Implications for regeneration
    Glia, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 157–165, 1995
  105. Vimentin immunoreactive glial cells in the fish optic nerve: Implications for regeneration
    Glia, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 16–29, 1994
  106. Cytokines Modulate the Inflammatory Response and Change Permissiveness to Neuronal Adhesion in Injured Mammalian Central Nervous System
    Experimental Neurology, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 284–290, 1994
  107. Nonpermissive Nature of Fish Optic Nerves to Axonal Growth Is Due to Presence of Myelin-Associated Growth Inhibitors
    Experimental Neurology, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 411–413, 1994
  108. Evidence for the existence of low-energy laser bioeffects on the nervous system
    Neurosurgical Review, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 7–17, 1994
  109. Intermediate filaments reminiscent of immature cells expressed by goldfish (Carassius auratus) astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro
    Cell & Tissue Research, vol. 275, no. 2, pp. 327–337, 1994
  110. Presence of growth inhibitors in fish optic nerve myelin: Postinjury changes
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 343, no. 2, pp. 237–246, 1994
  111. The enigma of myelin-associated growth inhibitors in spontaneously regenerating nervous systems
    Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 277–281, 1994
  112. Inflammation after axonal injury has conflicting consequences for recovery of function: Rescue of spared axons is impaired but regeneration is supported
    Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 9–16, 1994
  113. Linear dimeric interleukin-2 obtained by the use of a defective herpes simplex viral vector: conformation-activity relationship
    Molecular Brain Research, vol. 26, no. 1-2, pp. 156–162, 1994
  114. Ophthalmic effects of low-energy laser irradiation
    Survey of Ophthalmology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 113–122, 1994
  115. Brain Neurons and Glial Cells Express Neu Differentiation Factor/Heregulin: A Survival Factor for Astrocytes
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 91, no. 20, pp. 9387–9391, 1994
  116. Astrocytes play a major role in the control of neuronal proliferation in vitro
    Brain Research, vol. 629, no. 2, pp. 199–208, 1993
  117. cDNA clones from fish optic nerve
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 439–447, 1993
  118. Axonal regeneration is associated with glial migration: Comparison between the injured optic nerves of fish and rats
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 330, no. 1, pp. 105–112, 1993
  119. Cloning and characteristics of fish glial fibrillary acidic protein: Implications for optic nerve regeneration
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 334, no. 3, pp. 431–443, 1993
  120. Dose and temporal parameters in delaying injured optic nerve degeneration by low-energy laser irradiation
    Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 611–617, 1993
  121. Temporal and spatial patterns of expression of laminin, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan and HNK-1 immunoreactivity during regeneration in the goldfish optic nerve
    Journal of Neurocytology, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 557–573, 1992
  122. Characteristics of fish glial cells in culture: Possible implications as to their lineage
    Glia, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 52–66, 1992
  123. Disappearance of astrocytes and invasion of macrophages following crush injury of adult rodent optic nerves: Implications for regeneration
    Experimental Neurology, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 105–115, 1992
  124. Horseradish peroxidase labeling of growth cones and axons beyond the site of injury in injured rabbit optic nerve axons growing in their own environment
    Brain Research, vol. 575, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 1992
  125. L1 immunoreactivity in the developing fish visual system
    Brain Research, vol. 574, no. 1-2, pp. 244–250, 1992
  126. Identification of an Interleukin 2-Like Substance as a Factor Cytotoxic to Oligodendrocytes and Associated with Central Nervous System Regeneration
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 5442–5446, 1992
  127. Isolation and sequence analysis of two intermediate filament cDNA clones from fish optic nerve
    Molecular Brain Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 181–185, 1991
  128. Tumor necrosis factor facilitates regeneration of injured central nervous system axons
    Brain Research, vol. 545, no. 1-2, pp. 334–338, 1991
  129. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in the fish optic nerve
    Glia, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 393–399, 1991
  130. Soluble factor(s) produced in injured fish optic nerve regulate the postinjury number of oligodendrocytes: Possible role of macrophages
    Glia, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 591–601, 1991
  131. New Surgical Approach To Overcome The Inability Of Injured Mammalian Axons To Grow Within Their Environment
    Neural Plasticity, vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp. 243–248, 1991
  132. Fish Apolipoprotein-A-I Has Heparin Binding Activity: Implication for Nerve Regeneration
    Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1237–1243, 1990
  133. Glial response to axonal injury: In vitro manifestation and implication for regeneration
    Glia, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 267–276, 1990
  134. Growth of injured rabbit optic axons within their degenerating optic nerve
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 298, no. 3, pp. 293–314, 1990
  135. Oligodendrocyte cytotoxic factor associated with fish optic nerve regeneration: implications for mammalian CNS regeneration
    Brain Research, vol. 537, no. 1-2, pp. 24–32, 1990
  136. Immunological evidence that the neural adhesion molecule L1 is expressed in fish brain and optic nerve: possible association with optic nerve regeneration
    Brain Research, vol. 530, no. 2, pp. 239–244, 1990