`ISRN Condensed Matter PhysicsVolume 2011 (2011), Article ID 961832, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/961832`
Research Article

## Theory of Isotope Effect in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − 𝜹

Department of Physics, Beijing University, Beijing 100871, China

Received 31 July 2011; Accepted 24 August 2011

Copyright © 2011 Fu-sui Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### Abstract

This paper is the first to demonstrate that a pure nonphonon mechanism can quantitatively explain all isotope effect experiments in YBaCuO (YBCO) and to conclude that the influence of zero-point oscillation on the two local spin-mediated interaction (TLSMI) causes the isotope effects in YBCO. This paper is the first to calculate the doping dependence of exponents of oxygen isotope effect for all quantities of YBCO, such as , T, pseudogap at , gap at 0 K, and number density of supercurrent carriers at 0 K. This paper points out that the observed inverse isotope effect of comes also from zero-point oscillation.

#### 1. Introduction

Understanding the high-temperature superconductivity in cuprate superconductors is at the heart of current research in solid-state physics. However, the pairing mechanism responsible for high- is still controversial [17]. The isotope effect is an important experimental probe in revealing the underlying pairing mechanism of superconductivity. When high- superconductivity was discovered in cuprates, the oxygen isotope exponents, defined by = −dlnTc/dlnM, with M being the oxygen isotopic mass, were promptly measured [817]. In [1, 7] the authors think that such elaborate isotope effects strongly suggest that high- superconductivity should be of phonon mechanism. Although [3] proposes a t-J model including phonons, it cannot explain the isotope effect quantitatively. Therefore, until quite recently, there are still two problems which have not yet been solved. The first problem is that there is not a unified microscopic theory for both isotope effect and all other properties of the high- cuprates. The second problem is that there is not a quantitative theory of the isotope effect, which is based on a pure electron mechanism. This paper tries to solve those two problems.

The two local spin-mediated interaction (TLSMI), which is a pure electron mechanism, of high- cuprates was proposed in [18] and can explain nearly all experiments except the isotope effect [6]. An electron mechanism similar to that in [18] is also proposed in [19, 20]. Therefore, isotope effect is a key criterion for the correctness of theory in [6, 1820]. This paper uses TLSMI to explain quantitatively isotope effects and to give a series of predictions related to the isotope effect. The TLSMI is introduced briefly in Section 2. In Section 3, we take the zero-point oscillation of and as the origin of isotope effect in YBCO and make numerical calculations for the oxygen isotope effects of all quantities such as , , pseudogap at , gap at 0 K, and number density of supercurrent carriers at 0 K. Based on the quantitative comparisons between theory and experiments, Section 4 makes conclusions and discussions.

#### 2. Two Local Spin-Mediated Interaction

The effective Hamiltonian of Hubbard-Emery d-p model to describe the plane of high- cuprates is [6] where the summation over and is for the oxygen sites around th site, annihilates hole with spin s at site , is the local spin operator of at site i Pauli matrix vector, and i and j are the nearest neighbors. Expand in space. Here, is the wave vector in Brillouin zone of the oxygen lattice in the plane. The second term in (1) is Kondo Hamiltonian, , which implies that the holes with and can have interactions with the local spins of at sites i and j, respectively. The third term in (1) is Heisenberg interaction, HH, between the two nearest neighbor local spins at sites i and j. , , and is the hopping integral between site of and ions. The effective interaction between the two holes with and , mediated by two nearest neighbor local spins at i and j, is called TLSMI.

Using the extended Abrikosov’s pseudo-Fermion method in [6], the expression of TLSMI is where , , , , , , , is Fermi distribution, energy of holes, Fermi energy, ) density of states, the number of in a cluster with antiferromagnetic short-range order in the plane, the number of in the nearest-neighbor position in the same cluster, and are any position vectors of two local spins in nearest neighbor. The bar represents the average on Fermi surface. is the transformation factor in the extended Abrikosov’s pseudo-Fermion method [6].

#### 3. Oxygen Isotope Effect in YBCO

Reference [21] estimated the effect of zero-point oscillation on the hopping integral , and gave an isotope mass (M)-dependent formula of the hopping integral, which is , and is circular frequency of optical mode, K. According to our estimation, . From (3) and [22], we see that TLSMI is nearly proportional to , and thus, a small value of can have obvious isotope effect. Taking TLSMI as Cooper pairing potential, considering that the Fermi surface in the CuO2 plane has nesting structure [6], and using the values of parameters given in [6], we obtain the following theoretical doping evolutions of the isotope effects for all quantities of YBCO.

The definition of exponent of oxygen isotope effect of is The result of numerical calculations for YBCO is given in Figure 1. The theoretical results fit the data well. The physical origin of the nonmonotonic -dependence in Figure 1 is as follows. Both the experimental data and theoretical calculations show that the -dependence of is nonmonotonic [6, 11]. For example, at , 0.27, and the maximum value of is at . Because the values of at and are very small, even a very small effect of isotope substitution will lead to large exponent of isotope effect. On the contrary, because the value of at is maximum, even the same effect of isotope substitution, as that at and , occurs at will lead to the small exponent of isotope effect.

Figure 1: Theoretical curve of versus . is the number of oxygen hole per cell of Cu lattice in the CuO2 plane of YBCO. The filled circle is from [10]. The open circle is from [1, 11].

The definition of exponent of oxygen isotope effect of the pseudogap at is The result of numerical calculations for YBCO is given in Figure 2. There are no data in Figure 2. For reference, we give the data of [12]. The result of experiment in [12] is . Although our theoretical results are not less than 0.01, the values of is only one third of the values of for YBCO. The physical origin of the nonmonotonic -dependence in Figure 2 is nearly the same as that for Figure 1.

Figure 2: Theoretical curve of versus for YBCO.

The definition of exponent of oxygen isotope effect of the gap at 0 K, is The result of numerical calculations for YBCO is given in Figure 3. There are no data in Figure 3. Therefore, Figure 3 is a prediction for YBCO. The physical origin of the monotonically increasing -dependence in Figure 3 is as follows. Our numerical calculations indicate that the potential of Cooper pairs is a monotonically reducing -dependence (e.g., from 7000 K at to 4500 K at ). The scale of potential of Cooper pairs determines directly the scale of the gap at 0 K. Therefore, even if the effects of isotope substitution are the same, the exponent of oxygen isotope effect of the gap at 0 K and small value of will be less than that at large value of .

Figure 3: Theoretical curve of versus for YBCO.

The definition of exponent of oxygen isotope effect of the number density of supercurrent carriers at 0 K is The result of numerical calculations for YBCO is given in Figure 4. The data are from [10].

Figure 4: Theoretical curve of versus for YBCO. The data are from [10].

As is well known, the number density of supercurrent carriers at 0 K determines directly the value of . Therefore, the physical origin of the nonmonotonic -dependence in Figure 4 is the same as that for Figure 1.

The definition of exponent of oxygen isotope effect of the temperature , at which the pseudogap begins to open, is The result of numerical calculations for YBCO is given in Figure 5. The data are for [13]. Therefore, Figure 5 is a prediction for YBCO. is in Figure 5. However, is a theoretical result in [3]. The physical origin of the oscillatory and increasing -dependence in Figure 5 comes from many factors. Both the experimental data and our numerical calculations show that the value of is monotonically reducing from small value of ( K) to large value of ( K). Note that the range of variation of the values of is very high. If we just consider the value of , then the exponent of oxygen isotope effect of the temperature will tend to be monotonic increasing. However, the scale of is determined by the potential of Cooper pairs. This potential is given by (3). From (3), we see that the potential is very sensitive to temperature through the factor in denominator and the factor in the numerator. The variation of means the variation of . The -dependence of the potential in (3) is more complicated, because the , , , and so on in (3) are -dependent. Many factors determine the oscillatory and increasing -dependence.

Figure 5: Theoretical curve of versus for YBCO. The data are for [13].

The definition of exponent of oxygen isotope effect of effective mass in the CuO2 plane, , is The experiment in [10] is , which means that . The explanation for this result is as follows. The carriers in YBCO are polaronic oxygen holes. According to [4], The mass of polaronic oxygen holes are oxygen isotope mass (M) dependent. , and . Therefore, .

The experiments in [14, 16] pointed out that the inverse isotope effect of was observed in some magnetic superconductors. The theory in Section 3 can have inverse isotope effect in principle. The reason is as follows. It is possible that [21]. In this case, the larger the is, the larger the hopping integral is. From (2) and (3), we see that the larger the is, the larger the TLSMI is, and, thus, the larger the is.

#### 4. Conclusions and Discussions

From [6] and this paper, we know clearly that the mechanism in Section 2 for the high- cuprates, that is, the TLSMI between two polaronic oxygen holes that causes the high- superconductivity in YBCO, can explain many experimental findings including oxygen isotope effects of YBCO quantitatively. Right now, the theoretical curves in Figures 2, 3, and 5 are pure predictions for YBCO. If all the predictions can be verified by future experiments, then the mechanism in [6] for the high- YBCO might be a correct unified microscopic theory for both isotope effect and all other properties of the high- cuprates.

Although the theory in this paper cannot yet explain the following two experiments, we know the reasons. (1) Upon oxygen isotope substitution ( versus ), and are shifted from 79 K and 170 K to 78.5 K and 220 K for , respectively, by means of inelastic neutron scattering [15]. However, this huge isotope shift of is absent in NMR and NQR experiments for the same material [15]. We guess that the formula of neutron cross-section, based on which [15] analysis experiment data, is wrong. Because [23, 24] pointed out that the Fermi golden rule, which is used to derive the formula in [15], is not correct. (2) The huge oxygen isotope effect of in [17] cannot be explained by the theory in this paper. We guess that this huge oxygen isotope effect comes from inhomogeneous distribution of carriers in its stripe phase [4, 25].

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