Table 1: Electroless bath composition and operating condition.

Bath constituents Values Operating condition Values Nickel sulphate (g/L) 20–30 pH 7-8 Sodium hypophosphite (g/L) 14–20 Temperature 90 ± 2°C Sodium citrate (g/L) 35 Ammonium sulphate (g/L) 30 Duration of coating 3 hrs Lactic acid (g/L) 5 Bath volume (mL) 200 Sodium tungstate (g/L) 15–25