Review Article
Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation
Table 3
Technologies for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.
| Category | Remediation technologies |
| Isolation | (i) Capping (ii) subsurface barriers. | Immobilization | (i) Solidification/stabilization (ii) vitrification (iii) chemical treatment. | Toxicity and/or mobility reduction | (i) Chemical treatment (ii) permeable treatment walls (iii) biological treatment bioaccumulation, phytoremediation (phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration), bioleaching, biochemical processes. | Physical separation | | Extraction | (i) Soil washing, pyrometallurgical extraction, in situ soil flushing, and electrokinetic treatment. |
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