Copyright © 2012 Kamila Sikora et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. C. L. Wong, J. Holroyd-Leduc, and S. E. Straus, “Does this patient have a pleural effusion?” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 301, no. 3, pp. 309–317, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
2. M. E. Froudarakis, “Diagnostic work-up of pleural effusions,” Respiration, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 4–13, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. E. Diaz-Guzman and R. A. Dweik, “Diagnosis and management of pleural effusions: a practical approach,” Comprehensive Therapy, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 237–246, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. M. A. Rothlin, R. Naf, M. Amgwerd, D. Candinas, T. Frick, and O. Trentz, “Ultrasound in blunt abdominal and thoracic trauma,” Journal of Trauma, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 488–495, 1993. View at Scopus
5. N. Xirouchaki, E. Magkanas, K. Vaporidi et al., “Lung ultrasound in critically ill patients: comparison with bedside chest radiography,” Intensive Care Medicine, pp. 1–6, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. D. Lichtenstein, J. S. Hulot, A. Rabiller, I. Tostivint, and G. Mezière, “Feasibility and safety of ultrasound-aided thoracentesis in mechanically ventilated patients,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 955–958, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. K. L. Eibenberger, W. I. Dock, M. E. Ammann, R. Dorffner, M. F. Hormann, and F. Grabenwoger, “Quantification of pleural effusions: sonography versus radiography,” Radiology, vol. 191, no. 3, pp. 681–684, 1994. View at Scopus
8. P. C. Yang, K. T. Luh, D. B. Chang, H. D. Wu, C. J. Yu, and S. H. Kuo, “Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 320 cases,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 29–33, 1992. View at Scopus
9. J. Kurian, T. L. Levin, B. K. Han, B. H. Taragin, and S. Weinstein, “Comparison of ultrasound and CT in the evaluation of pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion in children,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 193, no. 6, pp. 1648–1654, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. A. Peris, L. Tutino, G. Zagli et al., “The use of point-of-care bedside lung ultrasound significantly reduces the number of radiographs and computed tomography scans in critically ill patients,” Anesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 687–692, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. D. Feller-Kopman, “Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis,” Chest, vol. 129, no. 6, pp. 1709–1714, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. J. Turner and J. Dankoff, “Thoracic ultrasound,” Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 451–473, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
13. M. Balik, P. Plasil, P. Waldauf et al., “Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 318–321, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. B. Coley, “Chest sonography in children: current indications, techniques and imaging findings,” Radiologic Clinics of North America, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 825–846, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
15. K. F. Pinotti, S. M. Ribeiro, and A. J. M. Cataneo, “Thorax ultrasound in the management of pediatric pneumonias complicated with empyema,” Pediatric Surgery International, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 775–778, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. F. J. H. Brims, S. M. Lansley, G. W. Waterer, and Y. C. G. Lee, “Empyema thoracis: new insights into an old disease,” European Respiratory Review, vol. 19, no. 117, pp. 220–228, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. C. H. Chen, W. Chen, H. J. Chen et al., “Transthoracic ultrasonography in predicting the outcome of small-bore catheter drainage in empyemas or complicated parapneumonic effusions,” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1468–1474, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. H. J. Chen, Y. H. Yu, C. Y. Tu et al., “Ultrasound in peripheral pulmonary air-fluid lesions: color Doppler imaging as an aid in differentiating empyema and abscess,” Chest, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 1426–1432, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. T. Havelock, R. Teoh, D. Laws, and F. Gleeson, “Pleural procedures and thoracic ultrasound: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010,” Thorax, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. i61–i76, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. C. Moore, “Ultrasound-guided procedures in emergency medicine,” Ultrasound Clinics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 277–289, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. S. Nicolaou, A. Talsky, K. Khashoggi, and V. Venu, “Ultrasound-guided interventional radiology in critical care,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 35, supplement 5, pp. S186–S197, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. D. A. Gervais, A. Petersein, M. J. Lee, P. F. Hahn, S. Saini, and P. R. Mueller, “US-guided thoracentesis: requirement for postprocedure chest radiography in patients who receive mechanical ventilation versus patients who breathe spontaneously,” Radiology, vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 503–506, 1997. View at Scopus
23. S. J. Koenig, M. Narasimhan, and P. H. Mayo, “Thoracic ultrasonography for the pulmonary specialist,” Chest, vol. 140, no. 5, pp. 1332–1341, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
24. C. E. Daniels and J. H. Ryu, “Improving the safety of thoracentesis,” Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 232–236, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. F. V. Adams and V. Galati, “M-mode ultrasonic localization of pleural effusion. Use in patients with non diagnostic physical and roentgenographic examinations,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 239, no. 17, pp. 1761–1764, 1978. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. T. W. Barnes, T. I. Morgenthaler, E. J. Olson, G. K. Hesley, P. A. Decker, and J. H. Ryu, “Sonographically guided thoracentesis and rate of pneumothorax,” Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 442–446, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. G. W. Boland, G. S. Gazelle, M. J. Girard, and P. R. Mueller, “Asymptomatic hydropneumothorax after therapeutic thoracentesis for malignant pleural effusions,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 943–946, 1998. View at Scopus
28. R. D. Brandstetter, M. Karetzky, R. Rastogi, and J. D. Lolis, “Pneumothorax after thoracentesis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,” Heart and Lung, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 67–70, 1994. View at Scopus
29. H. G. Colt, N. Brewer, and E. Barbur, “Evaluation of patient-related and procedure-related factors contributing to pneumothorax following thoracentesis,” Chest, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 134–138, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. D. R. Duncan, T. I. Morgenthaler, J. H. Ryu, and C. E. Daniels, “Reducing iatrogenic risk in thoracentesis: establishing best practice via experiential training in a zero-risk environment,” Chest, vol. 135, no. 5, pp. 1315–1320, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. D. R. Grogan, R. S. Irwin, R. Channick et al., “Complications associated with thoracentesis. A prospective, randomized study comparing three different methods,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 150, no. 4, pp. 873–877, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. H. R. Harnsberger, T. G. Lee, and D. H. Mukuno, “Rapid, inexpensive real-time directed thoracentesis,” Radiology, vol. 146, no. 2, pp. 545–546, 1983. View at Scopus
33. J. Heidecker, J. T. Huggins, S. A. Sahn, and P. Doelken, “Pathophysiology of pneumothorax following ultrasound-guided thoracentesis,” Chest, vol. 130, no. 4, pp. 1173–1184, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. T. Josephson, C. A. Nordenskjold, J. Larsson, L. U. Rosenberg, and M. Kaijser, “Amount drained at ultrasound-guided thoracentesis and risk of pneumothorax,” Acta Radiologica, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 42–47, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. P. W. Jones, J. P. Moyers, J. T. Rogers, R. M. Rodriguez, Y. C. Gary Lee, and R. W. Light, “Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis: is it a safer method?” Chest, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 418–423, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. S. J. Liang, C. Y. Tu, H. J. Chen et al., “Application of ultrasound-guided pigtail catheter for drainage of pleural effusions in the ICU,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 350–354, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. P. H. Mayo, H. R. Goltz, M. Tafreshi, and P. Doelken, “Safety of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation,” Chest, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 1059–1062, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. G. Mynarek, K. Brabrand, J. Å. Jakobsen, and A. Kolbenstvedt, “Complications following ultrasound-guided thoracocentesis,” Acta Radiologica, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 519–522, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. P. V. O'Moore, P. R. Mueller, and J. F. Simeone, “Sonographic guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the pleural space,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 1987. View at Scopus
40. K. Pihlajamaa, M. K. Bode, T. Puumalainen, A. Lehtimäki, S. Marjelund, and T. Tikkakoski, “Pneumothorax and the value of chest radiography after ultrasound-guided thoracocentesis,” Acta Radiologica, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 828–832, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. V. Raptopoulos, L. M. Davis, G. Lee, C. Umali, R. Lew, and R. S. Irwin, “Factors affecting the development of pneumothorax associated with thoracentesis,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 156, no. 5, pp. 917–920, 1991. View at Scopus
42. C. E. Ravin, “Thoracocentesis of loculated pleural effusions using grey scale ultrasonic guidance,” Chest, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 666–668, 1977. View at Scopus
43. C. J. Yu, P. C. Yang, D. B. Chang, and K. T. Luh, “Diagnostic and therapeutic use of chest sonography: value in critically ill patients,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 159, no. 4, pp. 695–701, 1992. View at Scopus
44. C. E. Gordon, D. Feller-Kopman, E. M. Balk, and G. W. Smetana, “Pneumothorax following thoracentesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 332–339, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. Y. H. Liu, Y. C. Lin, S. J. Liang et al., “Ultrasound-guided pigtail catheters for drainage of various pleural diseases,” American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 915–921, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. G. Volpicelli, M. Elbarbary, M. Blaivas, et al., “International evidence based recommendations for point of care lung ultrasound,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 577–591, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar