About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents 
ISRN Gastroenterology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 595734, 7 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/595734
Research Article

Thyroid and Hepatic Haemodynamic Alterations among Egyptian Children with Liver Cirrhosis

Zeinab A. El-Kabbany,1 Rasha T. Hamza,1 Ahmed S. Abd El Hakim,2 and Lamis M. Tawfik3

1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
2Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
3Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11371, Egypt

Received 3 April 2012; Accepted 18 June 2012

Academic Editors: M. Kairaluoma, T. Okumura, and W. Vogel

Copyright © 2012 Zeinab A. El-Kabbany et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. S. L. Friedman, “The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis—mechanisms and treatment strategies,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 328, no. 25, pp. 1828–1835, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. R. J. Groszmann, “Hyperdynamic circulation of liver disease 40 years later: pathophysiology and clinical consequences,” Hepatology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1359–1363, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  3. D. A. Langer and V. H. Shah, “Nitric oxide and portal hypertension: interface of vasoreactivity and angiogenesis,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 209–216, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  4. C. Sabba, G. Ferraioli, P. Genecin et al., “Evaluation of postprandial hyperemia in superior mesenteric artery and portal vein in healthy and cirrhotic humans: an operator-blind echo-Doppler study,” Hepatology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 714–718, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  5. J. Fernandez-Sear, J. Prieto, J. Quiroga et al., “Systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites with and without functional renal failure,” Gastroenterology, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 1304–1312, 1989. View at Scopus
  6. G. Cremona, T. W. Higenbottam, V. Mayoral et al., “Elevated exhaled nitric oxide in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome,” European Respiratory Journal, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1883–1885, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. R. Oren, N. Hilzenrat, Y. Maaravi, A. Yaari, and E. Sikuler, “Hemodynamic effects of hypothyroidism induced by methimazole in normal and portal hypertensive rats,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1941–1945, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  8. J. Zagzebski, “Introduction to vascular ultrasound,” in Physics and Instrumentation in Doppler and B-Mode Ultrasonography, vol. 19, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 3rd edition, 2004.
  9. R. N. H. Pugh, I. M. Murray-Lyon, J. L. Dawson, M. C. Pietroni, and R. Williams, “Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 646–649, 1973. View at Scopus
  10. K. P. Moore, F. Wong, P. Gines et al., “The management of ascites in cirrhosis: report on the consensus conference of The International Ascites Club,” Hepatology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 258–266, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  11. A. L. Babson, “The cirrus IMMULITE(TM) automated immunoassay system,” Journal of Clinical Immunoassay, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 83–88, 1991. View at Scopus
  12. D. Ueda, “Normal volume of the thyroid gland in children,” Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 455–462, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  13. P. Vitti, E. Martino, F. Aghini-Lombardi et al., “Thyroid volume measurement by ultrasound in children as a tool for the assessment of mild iodine deficiency,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 600–603, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  14. D. Sacerdoti, C. Merkel, M. Bolognesi, P. Amodio, P. Angeli, and A. Gatta, “Hepatic arterial resistance in cirrhosis with and without portal vein thrombosis: relationships with portal hemodynamics,” Gastroenterology, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 1152–1158, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  15. Y. Nishigaki, E. Tomita, Y. Matsuno et al., “Usefulness of novel imaging modalities in diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 677–683, 1997. View at Scopus
  16. L. Hegedus, “Thyroid gland volume and thyroid function during and after acute hepatitis infection,” Metabolism, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 495–498, 2002. View at Scopus
  17. M. F. T. Wesche, W. M. Wiersinga, and N. J. Smits, “Lean body mass as a determinant of thyroid size,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 701–706, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  18. G. Kelly, “Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones: a review,” Alternative Medicine Review, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 306–333, 2000. View at Scopus
  19. C. Rink, U. Siersleben, J. Haerting, T. Mende, and R. Nilius, “Development of the low-T3-syndrome and prognosis assessment in patients with liver cirrhosis+,” Gastroenterologisches Journal, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 138–141, 1991. View at Scopus
  20. P. Langer, O. Foldes, and K. Gschendtova, “Effect of ethanol and linoleic acid on changes in biliary excretion of iodothyronines possibly related to thyroxine deiodination in rat liver,” Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 218–220, 1988. View at Scopus
  21. M. J. Huang and Y. F. Liaw, “Thyroxine-binding globulin in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: different implications in hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 281–284, 1990. View at Scopus
  22. G. Smith-Laing, H. Orskov, M. B. R. Gore, and S. Sherlock, “Hyperglucagonaemia in cirrhosis: relationship to hepatocellular damage,” Diabetologia, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 103–108, 1980. View at Scopus
  23. U. M. Kabadi, M. U. Kabadi, and B. N. Premachandra, “Low serum T3 and raised reverse T3 levels in hepatic cirrhosis: role of glucagon,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 1504–1507, 1991. View at Scopus
  24. G. W. Hepner and I. J. Chopra, “Serum thyroid hormone levels in patients with liver disease,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 139, no. 10, pp. 1117–1120, 1979. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  25. K. Guven, F. Kelestimur, and M. Yucesoy, “Thyroid function tests in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy,” European Journal of Medicine, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 83–85, 1993. View at Scopus
  26. K. B. . Desi, M. N. Mehta, and L. S. Mani, “Thyroid hormone levels in infectious hepatitis,” International Journal of Nuclear Medicine & Biology, vol. 6, pp. 177–179, 2001.
  27. D. F. Gardner, R. L. Carithers, and R. D. Utiger, “Thyroid function tests in patients with acute and resolved hepatitis B virus infection,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 450–452, 1982. View at Scopus
  28. T. Yamanaka, K. Ido, K. Kimura, and T. Saito, “Serum levels of thyroid hormones in liver diseases,” Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 45–55, 1980. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  29. K. W. Park, H. B. Dai, K. Ojamaa, E. Lowenstein, I. Klein, and F. W. Sellke, “The direct vasomotor effect of thyroid hormones on rat muscle resistance arteries,” Anesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 734–738, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  30. J. H. Henriksen, S. Møller, H. Ring-Larsen, and N. J. Christensen, “The sympathetic nervous system in liver disease,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 328–341, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  31. W. G. Schenck, J. C. McDonald, K. McDonald, and T. Drapanas, “Direct measurement of hepatic blood flow in surgical patients: with related observations on hepatic flow dynamics in experimental animals,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 156, pp. 463–471, 1962. View at Scopus
  32. V. Shah, M. Toruner, F. Haddad et al., “Impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity associated with enhanced caveolin binding in experimental cirrhosis in the rat,” Gastroenterology, vol. 117, no. 5, pp. 1222–1228, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  33. A. W. Schneider, J. F. Kalk, and C. P. Clein, “Hepatic arterial pulsatility index in cirrhosis: correlation with portal pressure,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 876–881, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  34. D. Sacerdoti, C. Merkel, M. Bolognesi, P. Amodio, P. Angeli, and A. Gatta, “Hepatic arterial resistance in cirrhosis with and without portal vein thrombosis: relationships with portal hemodynamics,” Gastroenterology, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 1152–1158, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  35. V. G. Vassiliades, T. D. Ostrow, J. L. Chezmar, G. L. Hertzler, and R. C. Nelson, “Hepatic arterial resistive indices: correlation with the severity of cirrhosis,” Abdominal Imaging, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 61–65, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  36. M. B. . Alpern, J. M. Rubin, and D. M. Wilifiams, “Duplex Doppler ultrasound with angiograghic correlation,” Radiology, vol. 162, pp. 53–56, 2003.