Copyright © 2012 Ado Jorio. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. V. Raman, The Molecular Scattering of Light, Nobel Lecture, 1930.
2. A. Jorio, M. S. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, and G. Dresselhaus, Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene Related Systems, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2011.
3. F. Tuinstra and J. L. Koenig, “Raman spectrum of graphite,” Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1126–1130, 1970. View at Scopus
4. R. Vidano and D. B. Fischbach, “New lines in the Raman spectra of carbons and graphite,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 61, no. 1-2, pp. 13–17, 1978. View at Scopus
5. R. J. Nemanich and S. A. Solim, “First- and second-order Raman scattering from finite-size crystals of graphite,” Physical Review B, vol. 20, pp. 392–401, 1979. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
6. M. S. Dresselhaus and R. Kalish, Ion Implantation in Diamond Graphite and Related Materials, Materials Science, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1992.
7. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and P. C. Eklund, Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic, New York, NY, USA, 1996.
8. A. Jorio, R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Determination of nanotubes properties by Raman spectroscopy,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 362, no. 1824, pp. 2311–2336, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. R. Saito, M. Hofmann, G. Dresselhaus, A. Jorio, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Raman spectroscopy of graphene and carbon nanotubes,” Advances in Physics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 413–550, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
10. C. Castiglioni, M. Tommasini, and G. Zerbi, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 362, pp. 2425–2459, 2004.
11. A. C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, “Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon,” Physical Review B, vol. 61, pp. 14095–14107, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
12. C. Thomsen and S. Reich, “Double resonant Raman scattering in graphite,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, pp. 5214–5217, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
13. R. Saito, A. Jorio, A. G. Souza Filho, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, and M. A. Pimenta, “Probing phonon dispersion relations of graphite by double resonance Raman scattering,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 88, Article ID 027401, 4 pages, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
14. A. M. Rao, A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta et al., “Polarized Raman study of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, no. 8, pp. 1820–1823, 2000. View at Scopus
15. A. Jorio, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus et al., “Polarized Raman study of single-wall semiconducting carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, no. 12, pp. 2617–2620, 2000. View at Scopus
16. A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta, A. G. Sousa Filho et al., “Resonance Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes by cross-polarized light,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 90, no. 10, p. 107403, 2003. View at Scopus
17. E. B. Barros, A. Jorio, G. G. Samsonidze et al., “Review on the symmetry-related properties of carbon nanotubes,” Physics Reports, vol. 431, no. 6, pp. 261–302, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. A. Jorio, R. Saito, J. H. Hafner et al., “Structural (n, m) determination of isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes by resonant Raman scattering,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 1118–1121, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. L. G. Cançado, M. A. Pimenta, B. R. A. Neves et al., “Anisotropy of the Raman spectra of nanographite ribbons,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 4, Article ID 047403, 1 pages, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. A. G. Souza Filho, A. Jorio, A. K. Swan, et al., “Anomalous two-peak G^'-band Raman effect in one isolated single-wall carbon nanotube,” Physical Review B, vol. 65, pp. 085417–085424, 2002. View at Scopus
21. A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci et al., “Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 97, no. 18, Article ID 187401, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. A. Gupta, G. Chen, P. Joshi, S. Tadigadapa, and P. C. Eklund, “Raman scattering from high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films,” Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 2667–2673, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. A. Hartschuh, E. J. Sánchez, X. S. Xie, and L. Novotny, “High-resolution near-field Raman microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 90, Article ID 95503, 4 pages, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
24. N. Hayazawa, T. Yano, H. Watanabe, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, “Detection of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube by tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 376, no. 1-2, pp. 174–180, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. N. Anderson, A. Hartschuh, S. Cronin, and L. Novotny, “Nanoscale vibrational analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 8, pp. 2533–2537, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. A. Hartschuh, H. Qian, A. J. Meixner, N. Anderson, and L. Novotny, “Nanoscale optical imaging of excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Nano Letters, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 2310–2313, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. Y. Saito, N. Hayazawa, H. Kataura et al., “Polarization measurements in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy applied to single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 410, no. 1–3, pp. 136–141, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. N. Anderson, A. Hartschuh, and L. Novotny, “Chirality changes in carbon nanotubes studied with near-field Raman spectroscopy,” Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 577–582, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. I. O. Maciel, N. Anderson, M. A. Pimenta et al., “Electron and phonon renormalization near charged defects in carbon nanotubes,” Nature Materials, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 878–883, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. H. Qian, P. T. Araujo, C. Georgi et al., “Visualizing the local optical response of semiconducting carbon nanotubes to DNA-wrapping,” Nano Letters, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 2706–2711, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. L. G. Cançado, A. Hartschuh, and L. Novotny, “Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes,” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1420–1426, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. G. G. Hoffmann, G. de With, and J. Loos, “Micro-Raman and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of carbon allotropes,” Macromolecular Symposia, vol. 265, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
33. Y. Saito, P. Verma, K. Masui, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, “Nano-scale analysis of graphene layers by tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy,” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1434–1440, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. K. F. Domke and B. Pettinger, “Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of 6H-SiC with graphene adlayers: selective suppression of E1 modes,” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1427–1433, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. V. Snitka, R. D. Rodrigues, and V. Lendraitis, “Novel gold cantilever for nano-Raman spectroscopy of graphene,” Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 88, no. 8, pp. 2759–2762, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. J. Stadler, T. Schmid, and R. Zenobi, “Nanoscale chemical imaging of single-layer graphene,” ACS Nano, vol. 5, pp. 8442–8448, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
37. L. G. Cançado, M. A. Pimenta, B. R. A. Neves, M. S. S. Dantas, and A. Jorio, “Influence of the atomic structure on the Raman spectra of graphite edges,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, Article ID 247401, 2004.
38. C. Casiraghi, A. Hartschuh, H. Qian et al., “Raman spectroscopy of graphene edges,” Nano Letters, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1433–1441, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. M. Tommasini, C. Castiglioni, and G. Zerbi, “Raman scattering of molecular graphenes,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 11, no. 43, pp. 10185–10194, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. A. G. S. Filho, A. Jorio, G. G. Samsonidze, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Raman spectroscopy for probing chemically/physically induced phenomena in carbon nanotubes,” Nanotechnology, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1130–1139, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. P. Corio, A. Jorio, N. Demir, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Spectro-electrochemical studies of single wall carbon nanotubes films,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 392, no. 4–6, pp. 396–402, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. A. Jorio, A. G. Souza Filho, G. Dresselhaus, et al., “G-band resonant Raman study of 62 isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 65, p. 155412, 2002.
43. A. G. Souza Filho, A. Jorio, G. Dresselhaus et al., “Effect of quantized electronic states on the dispersive Raman features in individual single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 65, Article ID 035404, 6 pages, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
44. S. Piscanec, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, A. C. Ferrari, and J. Robertson, “Kohn anomalies and electron-phonon interactions in graphite,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 18, Article ID 185503, 4 pages, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty et al., “Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 210–215, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. M. Kalbac, L. Kavan, L. Dunsch, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Development of the tangential mode in the Raman spectra of SWCNT bundles during electrochemical charging,” Nano Letters, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1257–1264, 2008.
47. J. S. Park, K. Sasaki, R. Saito et al., “Fermi energy dependence of the G -band resonance Raman spectra of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 80, no. 8, Article ID 081402, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. S. Piscanec, M. Lazzeri, J. Robertson, A. C. Ferrari, and F. Mauri, “Optical phonons in carbon nanotubes: Kohn anomalies, Peierls distortions, and dynamic effects,” Physical Review B, vol. 75, Article ID 035427, 22 pages, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
49. T. M. G. Mohiuddin, A. Lombardo, R. R. Nair et al., “Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation,” Physical Review B, vol. 79, no. 20, Article ID 205433, 8 pages, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. E. Di Donato, M. Tommasini, C. Castiglioni, and G. Zerbi, “Assignment of the G⁺ and G^- Raman bands of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes based on a common valence force field,” Physical Review B, vol. 74, Article ID 184306, 12 pages, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
51. C. Fantini, A. Jorio, M. Souza, M. S. Strano, M. S. Dresselhaus, and M. A. Pimenta, “Optical transition energies for carbon nanotubes from resonant Raman spectroscopy: environment and temperature effects,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 14, Article ID 147406, 4 pages, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
52. H. Telg, J. Maultzsch, S. Reich, F. Hennrich, and C. Thomsen, “Chirality distribution and transition energies of carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 17, Article ID 177401, 4 pages, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. P. T. Araujo, S. K. Doorn, S. Kilina et al., “Third and fourth optical transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 98, no. 6, Article ID 067401, 4 pages, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
54. S. K. Doorn, P. T. Araujo, K. Hata, and A. Jorio, “Excitons and exciton-phonon coupling in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes: resonance Raman spectroscopy,” Physical Review B, vol. 78, Article ID 165408, 9 pages, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
55. R. Pfeiffer, F. Simon, H. Kuzmany, and V. N. Popov, “Fine structure of the radial breathing mode of double-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 72, no. 16, pp. 1–4, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. J. Jiang, R. Saito, A. Grüneis et al., “Photoexcited electron relaxation processes in single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 71, no. 4, Article ID 045417, 9 pages, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
57. J. Jiang, R. Saito, K. Sato et al., “Exciton-photon, exciton-phonon matrix elements, and resonant Raman intensity of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 75, no. 3, Article ID 035405, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. P. T. Araujo, I. O. Maciel, P. B. C. Pesce et al., “Nature of the constant factor in the relation between radial breathing mode frequency and tube diameter for single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 77, no. 24, Article ID 241403, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. P. T. Araujo, A. Jorio, M. S. Dresselhaus, K. Sato, and R. Saito, “Diameter dependence of the dielectric constant for the excitonic transition energy of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 103, Article ID 146802, 4 pages, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
60. A. R. T. Nugraha, R. Saito, K. Sato, P. T. Araujo, A. Jorio, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Dielectric constant model for environmental effects on the exciton energies of single wall carbon nanotubes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 97, Article ID 091905, 3 pages, 2010.
61. P. H. Tan, C. Y. Hu, J. Dong, W. C. Shen, and B. F. Zhang, “Polarization properties, high-order Raman spectra, and frequency asymmetry between Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering,” Physical Review B, vol. 64, Article ID 214301, 12 pages, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
62. E. J. Mele, “Commensuration and interlayer coherence in twisted bilayer graphene,” Physical Review B, vol. 81, Article ID 161405, 4 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
63. G. Li, A. Luican, J. M. B. Lopes Dos Santos et al., “Observation of Van Hove singularities in twisted graphene layers,” Nature Physics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 109–113, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
64. W. Kohn and J. M. Luttinger, “New mechanism for superconductivity,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 524–526, 1965. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
65. T. M. Rice and G. K. Scott, “New Mechanism for a charge-density-wave instability,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, pp. 120–123, 1975. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
66. M. Fleck, A. M. Oleś, and L. Hedin, “Magnetic phases near the Van Hove singularity in s- and d-band Hubbard models,” Physical Review B, vol. 56, pp. 3159–3166, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
67. V. Carozo, C. M. Almeida, E. H. M. Ferreira, L. G. Cançado, C. A. Achete, and A. Jorio, “Raman signature of graphene superlattices,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, pp. 4527–4534, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
68. A. K. Gupta, Y. Tang, V. H. Crespi, and P. C. Eklund, “Nondispersive Raman D band activated by well-ordered interlayer interactions in rotationally stacked bilayer graphene,” Physical Review B, vol. 82, Article ID 241406, 4 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
69. A. Righi, S. D. Costa, H. Chacham et al., “Graphene Moiré patterns observed by umklapp double-resonance Raman scattering,” Physical Review B, vol. 84, Article ID 241409, 4 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
70. R. Podila, R. Rao, R. Tsuchikawa, M. Ishigami, and A. M. Rao, “Raman spectroscopy of folded and scrolled graphene,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 5784–5790, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
71. Z. Ni, L. Liu, Y. Wang et al., “G -band Raman double resonance in twisted bilayer graphene: evidence of band splitting and folding,” Physical Review B, vol. 80, no. 12, Article ID 125404, 5 pages, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
72. R. W. Havener, H. Zhuang, L. Brown, R. G. Hennig, and J. Park, “Angle-resolved Raman imaging of interlayer rotations and interactions in twisted bilayer graphene,” Nano Letters, no. 12, pp. 3162–3167, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
73. K. Kim, S. Coh, L. Z. Tan et al., “Raman spectroscopy study of rotated double-layer graphene: misorientation-angle dependence of electronic structure,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, pp. 246103–246108, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
74. S. Reich, C. Thomsen, and P. Ordejón, “Elastic properties of carbon nanotubes under hydrostatic pressure,” Physical Review B, vol. 65, Article ID 153407, 4 pages, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
75. S. B. Cronin, A. K. Swan, M. S. Ünlü, B. B. Goldberg, M. S. Dresselhaus, and M. Tinkham, “Measuring the uniaxial strain of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes: resonance Raman spectra of atomic-force-microscope modified single-wall nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, pp. 167401–167405, 2004.
76. B. Gao, L. Jiang, X. Ling, J. Zhang, and Z. Liu, “Chirality-dependent Raman frequency variation of single-walled carbon nanotubes under uniaxial strain,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 51, pp. 20123–20125, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
77. A. G. S. Filho, N. Kobayashi, J. Jiang et al., “Strain-induced interference effects on the resonance Raman cross section of carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 95, no. 21, Article ID 217403, 4 pages, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
78. X. Yang, G. Wu, and J. Dong, “Structural transformations of double-walled carbon nanotube bundle under hydrostatic pressure,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, pp. 113101–113103, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
79. M. Yao, Z. Wang, B. Liu et al., “Raman signature to identify the structural transition of single-wall carbon nanotubes under high pressure,” Physical Review B, vol. 78, no. 20, Article ID 205411, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
80. A. L. Aguiar, E. B. Barros, R. B. Capaz et al., “Pressure-induced collapse in double-walled carbon nanotubes: chemical and mechanical screening effects,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 13, pp. 5378–5384, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
81. P. T. Araujo, N. M. B. Neto, H. Chacham et al., “In situ atomic force microscopy Tip-induced deformations and Raman spectroscopy characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Nano Letters, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 4110–4116, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
82. M. M. Lucchese, F. Stavale, E. H. M. Ferreira et al., “Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene,” Carbon, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1592–1597, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
83. E. H. M. Ferreira, M. V. O. Moutinho, F. Stavale et al., “Evolution of the Raman spectra from single-, few-, and many-layer graphene with increasing disorder,” Physical Review B, vol. 82, no. 12, Article ID 125429, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
84. L. G. Cançado, R. Beams, and L. Novotny, “Optical measurement of the phase-breaking length in graphene,” http://arxiv.org/abs/0802.3709.
85. A. K. Gupta, T. J. Russin, H. R. Gutiérrez, and P. C. Eklund, “Probing graphene edges via Raman scattering,” ACS Nano, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 45–52, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
86. A. Jorio, M. M. Lucchese, F. Stavale et al., “Raman study of ion-induced defects in N -layer graphene,” Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, vol. 22, no. 33, Article ID 334204, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
87. A. Jorio, M. M. Lucchese, F. Stavale, and C. A. Achete, “Raman spectroscopy study of Ar+ bombardment in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite,” Physica Status Solidi B, vol. 246, no. 11-12, pp. 2689–2692, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
88. L. G. Cançado, K. Takai, T. Enoki et al., “General equation for the determination of the crystallite size L_a of nanographite by Raman spectroscopy,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, Article ID 163106, 3 pages, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
89. L. G. Cançado, A. Jorio, and M. A. Pimenta, “Measuring the absolute Raman cross section of nanographites as a function of laser energy and crystallite size,” Physical Review B, vol. 76, pp. 064304–064310, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
90. L. G. Cançado, A. Jorio, E. H. M. Ferreira et al., “Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 3190–3196, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
91. P. B. C. Pesce, P. T. Araujo, P. Nikolaev et al., “Calibrating the single-wall carbon nanotube resonance Raman intensity by high resolution transmission electron microscopy for a spectroscopy-based diameter distribution determination,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 96, Article ID 051910, 3 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
92. N. W. Kam, Z. Liu, and H. Dai, “Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via cleavable disulfide bonds for efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA and potent gene silencing,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 36, pp. 12492–12493, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
93. K. Rege, G. Viswanathan, G. Zhu, A. Vijayaraghavan, P. M. Ajayan, and J. S. Dordick, “In vitro transcription and protein translation from carbon nanotube-DNA assemblies,” Small, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 718–722, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
94. Z. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Zhang et al., “Delivery of telomerase reverse transcriptase small interfering RNA in complex with positively charged single-walled carbon nanotubes suppresses tumor growth,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 12, pp. 4933–4939, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
95. R. Krajcik, A. Jung, A. Hirsch, W. Neuhuber, and O. Zolk, “Functionalization of carbon nanotubes enables non-covalent binding and intracellular delivery of small interfering RNA for efficient knock-down of genes,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 369, no. 2, pp. 595–602, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
96. M. S. Ladeira, V. A. Andrade, E. R. M. Gomes et al., “Highly efficient siRNA delivery system into human and murine cells using single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Nanotechnology, vol. 21, no. 38, Article ID 385101, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
97. M. F. Simões, “A Pré-História da Bacia Amazônica: 85 Uma tentativa de reconstituição,” in Cultura IndígEna, Textos e Catálogo, pp. 5–21, Semana do Índio, Museu Goeldi, Brazil, 1982.
98. D. C. Kern, Geoquímica e Pedogeoquímica em sítios Arqueológicos com terra preta na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã [Ph.D. thesis], Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil, 1996.
99. N. J. H. Smith, “Anthrosols and human carrying capacity in amazonia,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 553–566, 1980. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
100. N. P. S. Falcão, N. Comerford, and J. Lehmann, “Determining nutrient bioavailability of amazonian dark earth soils—methodological challenges,” in Amazonian Dark Earths, Origins, Properties, Management, J. Lehmann, D. C. Kern, B. Glaser, and W. I. Woods, Eds., pp. 255–270, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
101. B. Glaser, J. Lehmann, and W. Zech, “Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—a review,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 219–230, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
102. B. Glaser, “Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 362, pp. 187–196, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
103. E. Marris, “Putting the carbon back: black is the new green,” Nature, vol. 442, pp. 624–626, 2006.
104. A. C. Blackmore, M. T. Mentis, and R. J. Scholes, “The origin and extent of nutrient-enriched patches within a nutrient- poor savanna in South Africa,” Journal of Biogeography, vol. 17, no. 4-5, pp. 463–470, 1990. View at Scopus
105. W. Zech, L. Haumaier, and R. Hempfling, “Ecological aspects of soil organic matter in tropical land use,” in Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences: 15 Selected Readings., P. McCarthy, C. E. Clapp, R. L. Malcolm, and P. R. Bloom, Eds., pp. 187–202, American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis, USA, 1990.
106. A. C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, “Resonant Raman spectroscopy of disordered, amorphous, and diamondlike carbon,” Physical Review B, vol. 64, Article ID 075414, 13 pages, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
107. K. Takai, M. Oga, H. Sato et al., “Structure and electronic properties of a nongraphitic disordered carbon system and its heat-treatment effects,” Physical Review B, vol. 67, no. 21, Article ID 214202, pp. 2142021–21420211, 2003. View at Scopus
108. A. Jorio, J. Ribeiro-Soares, L. G. Cançado et al., “Microscopy and spectroscopy analysis of carbon nanostructures in highly fertile Amazonian anthrosoils,” Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 122, pp. 61–66, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
109. J. C. Charlier and G. M. Rignanese, “Electronic structure of carbon nanocones,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 86, no. 26 I, pp. 5970–5973, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
110. S. P. Jordan and V. H. Crespi, “Theory of carbon nanocones: mechanical chiral inversion of a micron-scale three-dimensional object,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, Article ID 255504, 4 pages, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
111. N. Yang, G. Zhang, and B. Li, “Carbon nanocone: a promising thermal rectifier,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, Article ID 243111, 3 pages, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
112. M. Yudasaka, S. Iijima, and V. H. Crespi, “Single-wall carbon nanohorns and nanocones,” Topics in Applied Physics, vol. 111, pp. 605–629, 2008. View at Scopus
113. J. N. Coleman, M. Lotya, A. O'Neill et al., “Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials,” Science, vol. 331, no. 6017, pp. 568–571, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
114. B. Radisavljevic, A. Radenovic, J. Brivio, V. Giacometti, and A. Kis, “Single-layer MoS2 transistors,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 147–150, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
115. R. V. Gorbachev, I. Riaz, R. R. Nair et al., “Hunting for monolayer boron nitride: optical and Raman signatures,” Small, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 465–468, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
116. L. G. Cançado, A. Jorio, A. Ismach, E. Joselevich, A. Hartschuh, and L. Novotny, “Mechanism of near-field Raman enhancement in one-dimensional systems,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 103, no. 18, Article ID 186101, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
117. R. V. Maximiano, R. Beams, L. Novotny, A. Jorio, and L. G. Cançado, “Mechanism of near-field Raman enhancement in two-dimensional systems,” Physical Review B, vol. 85, Article ID 235434, 2012.