A Method for Visualization of Fine Retinal Vascular Pulsation Using Nonmydriatic Fundus Camera Synchronized with Electrocardiogram
Table 1
Comparison between the PCA and the proposed method. Columns 2–31 are the number of pulsative segments observed by the graders, while columns 32–35 are the scale-ten quality measures.
Subject no.
Pulsatile features
SVPa
VP_Bb
VP_Cc
AP_Ad
AP_Be
AP_Cf
SMg
QOFh
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
PCA
Proposed
method
method
method
method
method
method
method
method
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
G1
G2
1
3
3
4
4
1
2
3
4
1
1
3
3
0
0
4
5
1
0
3
3
0
0
3
2
2
1
3
3
4
3
8
7
2
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
0
0
3
3
2
2
3
4
1
0
4
4
0
1
4
4
1
1
3
3
3
4
7
8
3
1
1
3
3
2
0
3
3
1
3
2
3
1
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
7
7
4
3
3
4
5
3
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
3
2
6
7
5
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
3
4
2
2
1
1
0
0
2
3
1
1
0
1
0
0
2
2
1
1
4
1
6
6
6
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
8
7
7
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
3
1
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
2
0
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
3
7
6
8
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
3
6
7
9
3
3
4
4
1
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
2
2
2
6
6
10
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
8
6
11
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
6
5
9
9
12
1
2
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
2
2
5
6
Average
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.6
2.1
1.8
1.3
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.3
1.8
2.0
0.9
1.3
1.8
1.8
0.3
0.8
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
3.0
2.9
6.9
6.8
Average of two graders
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.2
1.9
1.1
1.8
0.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
3.0
6.9
aSpontaneous venous pulsation within one OD diameter from the center; bvenous pulsation in zone B; cvenous pulsation in zone C and beyond; darterial pulsation in zone A; earterial pulsation in zone B; farterial pulsation in zone C and beyond; gserpentine movements and mechanical coupling between arteries and veins; and hquality of the observed features.
