(a) Indigenous peoplesStudy Year Location Ethnicity Dx No. Pts No. DDH Incidence (per 1000) Native Americans Corrigan and Segal [36 ] 1950 Island Lake, Manitoba Cree-Ojibwa Documented DDH 1253 45 35.9 Walker [37 ] 1977 Island Lake, Manitoba Cree-Ojibwa All DDH 1248 420 336.5 Dislocation 243 194.7 Dysplasia 123 98.6 Other 54 43.3 Houston and Buhr [38 ] 1966 Northern Saskatchewan Cree All DDH 4453 59 13.2 Likely DDH 1253 71 56.7 Salter [39 ] 1968 Ontario, Canada — All DDH Used cradleboard 2032 250 123.0 No cradleboard 1347 17 12.6 Rabin et al. [40 ] 1965 Many Farms District, AZ Navajo Adults—All 270 9 33.3 Dislocation 7 25.9 Dysplasia 2 7.4 Children—All 548 22 40.1 Dislocation 4 7.3 Dysplasia 18 32.8 Adults and Children—All 818 31 37.9 Dislocation 11 13.4 Dysplasia 20 24.4 Pratt et al. [41 ] 1982 Many Farms District, AZ Navajo Children All DDH 548 18 32.8 Dislocation 14 25.5 Dysplasia 4 7.3 Adults All DDH 270 89 330 Dislocation 70 259 Dysplasia 19 70 Coleman [42 ] 1968 Fort Defiance, Ship Rock, Gallup Navajo All DDH ≤ 3 months old 1155 77 66.7 Kraus and Schwartzman [43 ] 1957 Fort Apache Apache Dislocation 3500 107 30.6 Weighted avg. All DDH 14553 1108 76.1 Sámi and Australian Aboriginals Bower et al. [44 ] 1987 Western Australia Australian Aboriginals All DDH
*
22 37 Getz [45 ] 1955 Sámpi (Circumpolar Europe) Sámi All DDH
*
40 Mellbin [46 ] 1962 Sweden Sámi All DDH 813 20 24.6
(b) Africans, Indo-Mediterranean, and mixed peoplesStudy Year Location Ethnicity No. Pts No. DDH Incidence (per 1000) Africans—Blacks Edelsetin [47 ] 1966 South Africa Bantu 16678 0 0 Roper [48 ] 1976 Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Bantu 40000 1 0.025 Pompe van Meerdervoort [49 ] 1977 South Africa — 10000 3 0.3 Weighted avg. 66678 4 0.06 Burke et al. [50 ] 1985 United States — 28261* 13 0.46 Finley et al. [51 ] 1994 Jefferson County, Alabama, USA — 9654 2 0.2 Weighted avg. 37915 15 0.40 Indo- Mediterranean Kulshrestha et al. [52 ] 1983 Ballabhgarh, India Indian 2409 1 0.42 Singh and Sharma [53 ] 1980 New Delhi, India Indian 7274 7 1.0 Boo and Rajaram [54 ] 1984 Kuala Lumpur Indian 8109 10 1.23 Gupta et al. [55 ] 1992 New Delhi, India Indian 6209 16 2.65 Ang et al. [56 ] 1997 Singapore Indian 2810 13 4.6 Kaushal et al. [57 ] 1976 Chandigarh, Northern India Indian 2500 23 9.2 Şahin et al. [58 ] 2004 Ankara, Turkey Turkish 5798 10 1.7 Kutlu et al. [59 ] 1992 Konya, Turkey Turkish 4173 56 13.4 Doğruel [60 ] 2008 Ankara, Turkey Turkish 3541 167 47.2 Alkalay [61 ] 1972 Tamra, Galilee, Israel Arabic 450 21 46.7 Alkalay [61 ] 1972 Western Galilee, Israel Arabic/Druze 3625 109 30.0 Moosa et al. [62 ] 2009 Dubai, UAE Arabic 3786 12 3.17 Mirdad [63 ] 2002 Aseer, Saudi Arabia Saudi 79548 300 3.8 Danielsson [64 ] 2000 Malmö, Sweden Iraqi/Iranian 1604 7 4.4 Mamouri et al. [65 ] 2004 Mashhad, Iran Iranian 6576 10 1.5 Abdinejad et al. [34 ] 1996 Shiraz, Iran Iranian 8024 30 3.6 Pashapour and Golmaham- madlou [66 ] 2007 Urmia, Iran Iranian 1100 10 9.1 Paterson [67 ] 1976 Western Australia Indo-Mediterra- nean, not otherwise specified 2964 9 3.0 Weighted avg. All 150500 811 5.4 Indian 29311 70 2.4 Arabic 118225 732 6.2 Mixed/ Unknown—All Geographic Locations Rao and Thurston [68 ] 1986 Wellington, New Zealand Not specified 15174 60 4.0 Lowry et al. [69 ] 1989 Alberta, Canada North America 813@ 30347 2.68 Not specified 34956 342 9.8 Medalie et al. [70 ] 1966 Jerusalem, Israel Dislocation 107 3.1 Subluxation 235 6.7 Harlap et al. [71 ] 1971 Jerusalem, Israel Jewish/Arabic 18017 104 5.7
@
calculated from the given incidence and total number of births.(c) Indo-Malay peoplesStudy Year Location Ethnicity No. Pts No. DDH Incidence (per 1000) Huang et al. [72 ] 1988 Taiwan Chinese 9884 10 1.01 Chang et al. [73 ] 2007 Taiwan Chinese
*
*
2.9 Hoaglund et al. [74 ] 1981 Hong Kong Chinese 557683 38 0.07 Boo and Rajaram [54 ] 1984 Kuala Lumpur Chinese 12115 4 0.33 Limpaphayom [75 , 76 ] 1975 Thailand Thai 33433 17 0.5 Ang et al. [56 ] 1997 Singapore Malay 7439 40 5.4 Boo and Rajaram [54 ] 1984 Kuala Lumpur Malay 29695 21 0.71 Japanese—before Educational/ Prevention Campaigns Naito [77 ] 1958 Japan Japanese
*
*
56.0 Akabayashi [78 ] 1958 Miyagi, Japan Japanese 33.0 Tsuji [79 ] 1964 Tokyo, Japan Japanese 11.9 Kashiwagi and Kagawa [80 ] 1965 Kobe, Japan Japanese 929 41 44.1 Haginomori [81 ] 1966 Kochi, Japan Japanese 3323 106 31.9 Tanabe et al. [82 ] 1972 Okayama, Japan Japanese All 2756 73 26.5 Dislocation 32 11.6 Subluxation 41 14.9 Wada et al. [83 ] 1993 Tokushima Prefecture, Japanese 22* Ishida [84 ] 1993 Aichi Japanese 11.2* Ishida [84 ] 1993 Fukushima Japanese 18* Ishida [84 ] 1993 Osaka Japanese 8* Ishida [85 ] 1993 Kyoto Japanese 28* Kikuike et al. [86 ] 1993 Takayama/Gifu Japanese 2289 25 10.9 Gotoh et al. [87 ] 1993 Asahikawa Japanese 15944 95 6 Saito [88 ] 1993 Sapporo Japanese 12* Shinohara [89 ] 1993 Matsudo Japanese 5.1* Iwasaki and Takahashi [90 ] 1993 Nagasaki Japanese 6.3* Japanese—Seminal Study on Effects of Extension Diapering/Swaddling Japanese Ishida [85 ] 1977 Kyoto, Japan Swaddled 3778 200 52.9 Not swaddled 3047 17 5.6 Japanese— after Educational/Prevention Campaigns Higuchi [91 ] 1984 Tokyo and Ibaragi Prefecture Japanese 13379 45 3.4 Wada et al. [83 ] 1993 Tokushima Prefecture, Japanese 17224 20 1.2 Ishida [84 ] 1993 Aichi Japanese 1.1* Ishida [84 ] 1993 Fukushima Japanese 5* Ishida [84 ] 1993 Osaka Japanese 3* Ishida [85 ] 1993 Kyoto Japanese 3* Kikuike et al. [86 ] 1993 Takayama/Gifu Japanese 1749 10 5.7 Gotoh et al. [87 ] 1993 Asahikawa Japanese 9471 17 1.8 Saito [88 ] 1993 Sapporo Japanese 5.0* Shinohara [89 ] 1993 Matsudo Japanese 1.8* Iwasaki and Takahashi [90 ] 1993 Nagasaki Japanese 2.0* All 714254 769 1.08 Chinese 57962 52 0.1 Weighted avg. Malay 37134 61 1.6 Japanese Before 25241 340 13.5 After 41823 92 2.2
∧
Incidence from [82 ].
∗
Only the incidence was given and could not be included in the weighted averages.(d) CaucasiansStudy Year Location No. Pts No. DDH Incidence (per 1000) Scandinavia Severin [92 ] 1956 All Sweden 566142 497 0.88 von Rosen [93 ] 1962 Malmö, Sweden 24000 40 1.7 von Rosen [94 ] 1968 Malmö, Sweden 31304 171 5.46 Fredensborg [95 ] 1976 Malmö, Sweden 58579 548 9.33 Danielsson [64 ] 2000 Malmö, Sweden 15189 115 7.57 Beckman et al. [96 ] 1977 Northern Sweden 40419 295 7.30 Finley et al. [51 ] 1984 Uppsala, Sweden 62879* 193 28.0 Bjerkeim [97 –102 ] 1974, 1976 Southeastern Norway
*
*
10.0 Finne et al. [103 ] 2008 Oslo, Norway 19820 34 1.7 Melve and Skjaerven [104 ] 2008 All Norway 519266 2509 4.83 Heikkilä [105 ] 1984 Southern Finland 151924 1035 6.81 Clausen and Nielsen [106 ] 1988 Randers, Denmark 13589 83 6.1 Weighted avg. 1510007 5713 3.8 Western Europe Mitchell [107 ] 1972 Edinburgh, Scotland 31961 100 3.1 MacKenzie and Wilson [108 ] 1981 Aberdeen, Scotland 53033 1606 30.3 Bertol et al. [109 ] 1982 Edinburgh, Scotland 44953 299 6.7 Record and Edwards [110 ] 1958 Birmingham, England 226038 148 0.66 Leck et al. [111 ] 1968 Birmingham, England 94474 86 0.91 Wilkinson [112 ] 1972 Southampton, England 6272 37 5.9 Jones [113 ] 1977 Hertfordshire, England 29366 76 2.6 Noble et al. [114 ] 1978 Newcastle upon Tyne, England 25921 271 10.5 Catford et al. [115 ] 1982 Southampton, England 76724 178 2.32 Knox et al. [116 ] 1987 Birmingham, England 144246 96 0.67 Williamson [117 ] 1972 Northern Ireland 34840 97 2.78 Patterson et al. [118 ] 1995 Belfast, Northern Ireland 138600 243 1.75 Reerink [119 ] 1993 Leiden, Netherlands 2092 32 15.3 Judet and Tanzy [120 ] 1966 Creuse, France (only girls) 1326 48 3.6 Valdivieso Garcia et al. [121 ] 1989 Córdoba, Spain 33000 323 9.79 Padilla-Esteban et al. [122 ] 1990 Madrid, Spain 40243 All 1747 43.4 Dislocation 89 2.21 Subluxation 80 1.99 Dysplasia 1587 39.4 Sanz et al. [123 ] 1991 Salamanca, Spain 6135 54 8.8 Giannakopoulou et al. [124 ] 2002 Crete 6140 65 10.6 Di Bella et al. [125 ] 1997 Sicily 2000 51 25.5 All 996038 5509 5.5 Weighted avg. United Kingdom 906428 3232 3.6 Mediterranean/ Spain 87518 2240 25.5 Eastern Europe Srakar [126 ] 1986 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia 5000 50@ 10.0 Kepeski et al. [127 ] 1969 Skoplje, Macedonia 9149 302@ 33.0 Maričević [128 ] 1885–1993 Lastovo Island, Croatia 3676 19 5.2 Krolo et al. [129 ] 1968–88 Zagreb, Croatia 7168 120 16.7 Stipanicev [130 ] 1985 Šibenik, Croatia 26227 2203@ 84.0 Darmonov [131 ] 1996 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 20417 124 6.1 Samborska and Lembrych [132 ] 1973 Opole, Poland 14500 159 11.0 Polívka [133 ] 1973 West Bohemia, Czech Republic 28471 3223 113.2 Košek [134 ] 1973 Dêčín and Česká Lípa, Czech Republic 23580 1048 44.4 Poul et al. [135 ] 1992 Brno, Czechoslovakia 35550 656 18.5 Vencálková and Janata [136 ] 2009 Liberec, Czech Republic 12944 335 25.9 Drimal [137 ] 1959 Martin, Slovakia 9510 120 12.6 Tomáš [138 ] 1989 Bardejov, Slovakia 7208 323 44.8 Czéizel et al. [139 ] 1974 Békéscsaba, Hungary 18219 523 28.7 Csató and Benkó[140 ] 1963 Miskole, Hungary 5513 30 5.44 Pap [141 ] 1956 Debrecen, Hungary 11933 217 18.2 Czeizel et al. [142 ] 1972 Budapest, Hungary 108966 3000 27.5 Weighted avg. 348031 12452 35.8 Australia and New Zealand Paterson [67 ] 1976 South Australia 4445 31 7.0 Yiv et al. [143 ] 1977 South Australia 19622 206 10.5 Bower et al. [44 ] 1987 Western Australia 6287
9
∧
415 6.6 Chan et al. [144 ] 1999 Adelaide, Australia 118379 916 7.74 Howie and Phillips [145 ] 1970 Auckland, New Zealand 16103 57 3.54 Doig and Shannon [146 ] 1975 Canterbury, New Zealand 23443 62 2.65 Dykes [147 ] 1975 Southland, New Zealand 47064 103 2.19 Hadlow [32 ] 1988 New Plymouth, New Zealand 20657 331 16.0 Weighted avg. 312592 2121 6.8 Americas Lehmann and Street [148 ] 1981 Vancouver, British, Columbia, Canada 116808 142 1.2* Tijmes et al. [149 ] 1971 Llanquihue, Chile 30000 137 4.6 Hazel and Beals [150 ] 1989 Portland, Oregon 39429 32 0.8 Finley et al. [51 ] 1994 Jefferson County, Alabama 17907 12 0.7 Weighted avg. 174144 186 1.07
*The incidence and either the numerator/denominator were given; appropriate values calculated when possible.
@
calculated from the given incidence and total number of births.