| Study | Year | Location | No. Pts | No. DDH | Incidence (per 1000) |
| Africans | | | | | | Robinson and Buse [166] | 1979 | Kampala, Uganda | 2000 | 4 | 2.0 | Gross et al. [167] | 1982 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | 2686 | 1 | 0.4 | Artz et al. [168] | 1975 | New York City | 4286 | 18 | 0.42 | Indo-Mediterranean | | | | | | Abdel-Kader and Booz [169] | 1968 | Kuwait | 4000 | 5 | 1.25 | Al-Umran et al. [170] | 1988 | Dammam, Saudi Arabia | 12733 | 62 | 4.9 | Khan and Benjamin [171] | 1992 | Abha, Saudi Arabia | 2222 | 81 | 36.5 | Amerindian | | | | | | Hernández-Arriaga et al. [172] | 1991 | Guanajuato, México | 16987 | 25 | 1.47 | Indo-Malay | | | | | | Morito [173] | 1983 | Okayama, Japan | 4824* | 51* | 10.6 | Chen [174] | 1967 | Taipei, Taiwan | 2257 | 4 | 1.8 | Hsieh et al. [175] | 2000 | Taichung, Taiwan | 3345 | 4 | 1.2 | Caucasians—Scandinavia | | | | | | Andrén [176] | 1962 | Malmö, Sweden | 28292 | 64 | 2.26 | von Rosen [177] | 1970 | Malmö, Sweden | 34520 | 171 | 4.94 | Palmén [178] | 1961 | Falköping, Sweden | 12394 | 70 | 5.65 | Hinderaker et al. [179] | 1994 | All Norway | 959412 | 9483 | 9.88 | Beckman et al. [96] | 1970–73 | Västerbotten County, Sweden | 11613 | 119 | 10.2 | Almby and Rehnberg [180] | 1977 | Uppsala, Sweden | 29339 | 298 | 10.2 | Hiertonn and James [181] | 1968 | Uppsala, Sweden | 11868 | 242 | 20.4 | Medbö [182] | 1961 | Ålesund, Norway | 3242 | 50 | 15.4 | Cyvín [183] | 1977 | Trondheim, Norway | 6509 | 146 | 22.4 | Caucasians—Western Europe | | | | | | Dickson [184] | 1912 | Paris, France | 1502 | 12 | 8.0 | Rennes, France | 220 | 9 | 41.0 | Jones [113] | 1977 | Norwich, England | 29366 | 76 | 2.58 | Finlay et al. [161] | 1967 | Uxbridge, England | 14594 | 60 | 4.1 | O’Brien and McGill [185] | 1970 | Dublin, Ireland | 10081 | 77 | 7.6 | Barlow [33] | 1962 | Salford, England | 9289 | 139 | 14.9 | Wilkinson [112] | 1972 | Southampton, England | 6272 | 37 | 5.9 | Galasko et al. [186] | 1980 | Salford, England | 11980 | 179 | 14.9 | Dunn et al. [187] | 1985 | Bristol, England | 23002 | 445 | 19.3 | Lennox et al. [188] | 1993 | Aberdeen, Scotland | 67093 | 3354 | 50.0 | Mitchell [107] | 1972 | Edinburgh, Scotland | 31961 | 226 | 7.1 | Drescher [189] | 1957 | Leipzig, Germany | | | | | | All | 5098 | 164 | 32.2 | | | Vertex | 4953 | 104 | 30.0 | | | Breech | 145 | 19 | 131 | Caucasians—Eastern Europe | | | | | | Szulc [190] | 1961–66 | Poland | 2608 | 161 | 61.7 | Caucasians—Australia and New Zealand | | | | | | Phillips [191] | 1968 | Auckland, New Zealand | 43025 | 148 | 3.4 | Bower et al. [192] | 1989 | Western Australia | 67757 | 450 | 6.6 | Chaitow and Lillystone [193] | 1984 | Sydney, Australia | 450 | 3 | 6.7 | Goss [194] | 2002 | Victoria, Australia | 5166 | 100 | 19.4 | Caucasians—North America | | | | | | Coleman [195] | 1956 | Salt Lake City, Utah | 3500 | 30 | 8.6 | Ponseti [196] | 1978 | Iowa City, Iowa | 51359 | 72 | 1.4 | Gross et al. [167] | 1982 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | 7490 | 39 | 5.2 | Lehmann and Street [148] | 1981 | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | 23234 | 132 | 5.7* | Tredwell and Bell [197] | 1981 | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | 32480 | 321 | 9.9 | Ritter [198] | 1973 | Indianapolis, Indiana | 3278 | 30 | 9.2 | Artz et al. [168] | 1975 | New York, New York | 19020 | 291 | 15.3 | | | All | 1528069 | 16452 | 10.8 | | | Scandinavia | 1085576 | 10524 | 9.7 | Caucasian’s weighted avg. | | Australia/New Zealand | 116398 | 701 | 6.0 | | | Western Europe | 185734 | 4312 | 23.2 | | | North America | 140361 | 915 | 6.5 | Mixed/Unknown—All Geographic Locations | | | | | | Ein [199] | 1957 | Newark, New Jersey | 4597 | 7 | 1.5 | Stanisavljevic [200] | 1962 | Detroit, Michigan | 5125 | 35 | 6.8 | Weissman and Salama [201] | 1969 | Tel Aviv, Israel | 6841 | 45 | 2.7 | | | | | | | Klingberg et al. [202] | 1976 | Rehovot, Israel | | | | | | | 12150 | 172 | 14.2 | | | | 6204 | 49 | 7.9 | | | | 5946 | 123 | 20.7 | Khrouf et al. [203] | 1986 | Tunis, Tunisia | 10000 | 41 | 4.1 |
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