Copyright © 2012 Asie Shojaii and Mehri Abdollahi Fard. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. M. H. Salehi Surmaghi, Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy, vol. 1, Donyay Taghziah Press, Tehran, Iran, 2010.
2. A. Zargari, Medicinal Plants, Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran, 1996.
3. M. M. Özcan and J. C. Chalchat, “Chemical composition and antifungal effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) fruit oil at ripening stage,” Annals of Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 353–358, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. G. R. Amin, Poular Medicinal Plants of Iran, Vice-Chancellorship of Research, Tehran University of Medical Science Press, Tehran, Iran, 2005.
5. H. Mirheydar, Herbal Information: Usage of Plants in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases, Islamic Culture Press Center, Tehran, Iran, 2001.
6. M. H. Aghili Khorasani, Makhzan al Advieh, Bavardaran Press. Research institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 2001.
7. A. Besharati-Seidani, A. Jabbari, and Y. Yamini, “Headspace solvent microextraction: a very rapid method for identification of volatile components of Iranian Pimpinella anisum seed,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 530, no. 1, pp. 155–161, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. I. Gulcin, M. Oktay, E. Kirecci, and O. I. Kufrevioglu, “Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts,” Food Chemistry, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 371–382, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. A. Orav, A. Raal, and E. Arak, “Essential oil composition of Pimpinella anisum L. fruits from various European countries,” Natural Product Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 227–232, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. M. B. Embong, D. Hadziyev, and S. Molnar, “Essential oils from spices grown in Alberta. Anise oil (Pimpinella anisum),” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 57, pp. 681–688, 1997.
11. V. M. Rodrigues, P. T. V. Rosa, M. O. M. Marques, A. J. Petenate, and M. A. A. Meireles, “Supercritical extraction of essential oil from aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L) using CO₂: solubility, kinetics, and composition data,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1518–1523, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. G. Burkhardt, J. Reichling, R. Martin, and H. Becker, “Terpene hydrocarbons in Pimpinella anisum L,” Pharmaceutisch Weekblad, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 190–193, 1986. View at Scopus
13. U. Dirks and K. Herrmann, “4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid, a characteristic phenolic constituent of the Apiaceae,” Phytochemistry, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1811–1812, 1984. View at Scopus
14. E. Fujimatu, T. Ishikawa, and J. Kitajima, “Aromatic compound glucosides, alkyl glucoside and glucide from the fruit of anise,” Phytochemistry, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 609–616, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. J. Kunzemann and K. Herrmann, “Isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and of flavon-C-glycosides in anise—I. Phenolics of spices,” Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 194–200, 1977. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. R. V. Denev, I. S. Kuzmanova, S. M. Momchilova, and B. M. Nikolova-Damyanova, “Resolution and quantification of isomeric fatty acids by silver ion HPLC: fatty acid composition of aniseed oil (Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae),” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 4–8, 2011. View at Scopus
17. J. B. Lee, C. Yamagishi, K. Hayashi, and T. Hayashi, “Antiviral and immunostimulating effects of lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from Pimpinella anisum,” Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 459–465, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. A. Akhtar, A. A. Deshmukh, A. V. Bhonsle, et al., “In vitro Antibacterial activity of Pimpinella anisum fruit extracts against some pathogenic bacteria,” Veterinary World, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 272–274, 2008.
19. D. A. Ates and Ö. T. Erdogrul, “Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and commercial plant extracts,” Turkish Journal of Biology, vol. 27, pp. 157–162, 2003.
20. F. A. Al-Bayati, “Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 403–406, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. N. M. Chaudhry and P. Tariq, “Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral isolates,” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 214–218, 2006. View at Scopus
22. H. S. Shukla and S. C. Tripathi, “Antifungal substance in the essential oil of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.),” Ultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1991–1993, 1987.
23. I. Kosalec, S. Pepeljnjak, and D. Kuatrak, “Antifungal activity of fluid extract and essential oil from anise fruits (Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae),” Acta Pharmaceutica, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 377–385, 2005. View at Scopus
24. D. Yazdani, S. Rezazadeh, G. Amin, M. A. Zainal Abidin, S. Shahnazi, and H. Jamalifar, “Antifungal activity of dried extracts of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and star anise (Illicium verum Hook, f.) against dermatophyte and saprophyte fungi,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 24–29, 2009. View at Scopus
25. I. K. Park, K. S. Choi, D. H. Kim et al., “Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae),” Pest Management Science, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 723–728, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. V. Prajapati, A. K. Tripathi, K. K. Aggarwal, and S. P. S. Khanuja, “Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 96, no. 16, pp. 1749–1757, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. F. Erler, I. Ulug, and B. Yalcinkaya, “Repellent activity of five essential oils against Culex pipiens,” Fitoterapia, vol. 77, no. 7-8, pp. 491–494, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. I. Tunç, B. M. Berger, F. Erler, and F. Dagli, “Ovicidal activity of essential oils from five plants against two stored-product insects,” Journal of Stored Products Research, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 161–168, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. H. S. Lee, “p-anisaldehyde: acaricidal component of Pimpinella anisum seed oil against the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus,” Planta Medica, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 279–281, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. H. S. Shukla, “Antiviral properties of essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare and Pimpinella anisum L,” Agronomie, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 277–279, 1989.
31. J. B. Lee, C. Yamagishi, K. Hayashi, and T. Hayashi, “Antiviral and immunostimulating effects of lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from Pimpinella anisum,” Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 459–465, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. M. H. Boskabady and M. Ramazani-Assari, “Relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 83–88, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. C. R. Tirapelli, C. R. de Andrade, A. O. Cassano et al., “Antispasmodic and relaxant effects of the hidroalcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae) on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. M. H. Pourgholami, S. Majzoob, M. Javadi, M. Kamalinejad, G. H. R. Fanaee, and M. Sayyah, “The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum exerts anticonvulsant effects in mice,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 211–215, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. M. R. Heidari and M. Ayeli, “Effects of methyl alcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum on picrotoxin induced seizure in mice and its probable mechanism,” Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Science, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1–8, 2005.
36. A. S. Abdul-Ghani, S. G. El-Lati, and A. I. Sacaan, “Anticonvulsant effects of some Arab medicinal plants,” International Journal of Crude Drug Research, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 39–43, 1987. View at Scopus
37. H. A. A. Twaij, E. E. Elisha, R. M. Khalid, and N. J. Paul, “Analgesic studies on some Iraqi medicinal plants,” International Journal of Crude Drug Research, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 251–254, 1988. View at Scopus
38. A. Tas, “Analgesic effect of Pimpinella anisum L. essential oil extract in mice,” Indian Veterinary Journal, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 145–147, 2009. View at Scopus
39. A. Tas, H. Özbek, N. Atasoy, M. E. Altug, and E. Ceylan, “Evaluation of analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of Pimpinella anisum fixed oil extract,” Indian Veterinary Journal, vol. 83, no. 8, pp. 840–843, 2006. View at Scopus
40. H. Sahraei, H. Ghoshooni, S. Hossein Salimi et al., “The effects of fruit essential oil of the Pimpinella anisum on acquisition and expression of morphine induced conditioned place preference in mice,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 43–47, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. I. A. Al Mofleh, A. A. Alhalder, J. S. Mossa, M. O. Al-Soohalbani, and S. Rafatullah, “Aqueous suspension of anise “Pimpinella anisum” protects rats against chemically induced gastric ulcers,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1112–1118, 2007. View at Scopus
42. N. P. Gilligan, “The palliation of nausea in hospice and palliative care patients with essential oils of Pimpinella anisum (aniseed), Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel), Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Mentha x piperita (peppermint),” International Journal of Aromatherapy, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 163–167, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. P. D. Picon, R. V. Picon, A. F. Costa et al., “Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and Cassia augustifolia for chronic constipation,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 10, article 17, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. S. I. Kreydiyyeh, J. Usta, K. Knio, S. Markossian, and S. Dagher, “Aniseed oil increases glucose absorption and reduces urine output in the rat,” Life Sciences, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 663–673, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. C. U. Rajeshwari, M. Abirami, and B. Andallu, “In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of aniseeds ( Pimpinella anisum),” Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 80–89, 2011.
46. U. Rajeshwari, I. Shobha, and B. Andallu, “Comparison of aniseeds and coriander seeds for antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities,” Spatula DD, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–16, 2011.
47. K. M. Al-Ismail and T. Aburjai, “Antioxidant activity of water and alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers, anise seeds and dill seeds,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 173–178, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. G. Singh, I. P. S. Kapoor, P. Singh, C. S. de Heluani, and C. A. N. Catalan, “Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of essential oil and oleoresins from anise seeds (Pimpinella anisum L.),” International Journal of Essential Oil Therapeutics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 122–130, 2008. View at Scopus
49. B. Nickavar and F. A. S. Abolhasani, “Screening of antioxidant properties of seven Umbelliferae fruits from Iran,” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 30–35, 2009. View at Scopus
50. H. Speisky, C. Rocco, C. Carrasco, E. A. Lissi, and C. López-Alarcón, “Antioxidant screening of medicinal herbal teas,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 462–467, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
51. F. Nahidi, M. Taherpoor, F. Mojab, and H. Majd, “Effect of Anise extract on hot flush of menopause,” Pajoohandeh, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 167–173, 2008.
52. M. Ciftci, T. Goler, B. Dalkilic, and O. Nihat Ertas, “The effect of anise oil (Pimpinella anisum L.) on broiler performance,” International Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 851–855, 2005.
53. N. Khoda Karami, F. Moattar, and A. Ghahiri, “Comparison of effectiveness of an herbal drug(celery, saffron, Anise) and mephnamic acid capsule On primary dismenorrhea,” Ofoghe Danesh, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 11–19, 2008.
54. M. Janahmadi, S. Farajnia, J. Vatanparast, H. Abbasipour, and M. Kamalinejad, “The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum L. (Umblliferae) induces neuronal hyperexcitability in snail partly through attenuation of after-hyperpolarization,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 360–365, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. C. S. Eiben, A. A. Rashwan, K. Kustos, et al., “Effect of Anise and Fenugreek supolementation on performance of rabbit does,” in Proceedings of the 8th World Rabbit Congress, Puebla, Mexico, September 2004.