Research Article
Adverse Health Effects Associated with Increased Activity at Kīlauea Volcano: A Repeated Population-Based Survey
Table 1
Demographic and health characteristics of the study groups.
| Participant characteristics | Unexposed (n = 110) | Vog exposed (n = 110) | P value |
| Age, years (SD) | 59.0 (19.5) | 56.4 (17.3) | 0.31 | Body-mass index, (SD) | 26.0 (6.0) | 27.4 (5.4) | 0.48 | ≥25 n (%) | 66 (60) | 72 (65) | | Gender n (%) | | | 0.34 | Female | 66 (60) | 59 (54) | | Male | 44 (40) | 51 (46) | | Ethnicity n (%) | | | 0.03 | Filipino | 38 (35) | 35 (32) | | White | 30 (27) | 37 (34) | | Hawaiian | 11 (10) | 23 (21) | | Japanese | 20 (18) | 7 (6) | | Others | 11 (10) | 8 (7) | | Residency, years (SD) | 39.4 (24.1) | 32.0 (21.1) | 0.02 | Lifetime residency n (%) | (45) | (35) | 0.11 | Employment n (%) | | | 0.35 | Working | 40 (36) | 45 (42) | | Unemployed | 11 (10) | 20 (15) | | Retired | 53 (48) | 37 (36) | | Disabled | 6 (5) | 8 (7) | | Education, years (SD) | 12.62 (2.7) | 12.65 (2.4) | 0.93 | Occupational exposures n (%) | | | | Sugarcane | 28 (26) | 20 (19) | 0.22 | Macadamia Nuts | 16 (15) | 28 (26) | 0.05 | Dust | 53 (49) | 60 (56) | 0.27 | Age of home, years (SD) | 41.8 (20.2) | 40.7 (24.8) | 0.72 | Plantation-style house n (%) | 32 (29) | 34 (31) | 0.77 | Health insurance n (%) | 103 (94) | 95 (90) | 0.06 | Smoking status n (%) | | | 0.64 | Never | 53 (49) | 48 (44) | | Former | 40 (36) | 40 (36) | | Current | 17 (16) | 22 (20) | | Medication usage n (%) | | | | Respiratory | 15 (14) | 10 (9) | 0.30 | Antihypertensive | 48 (44) | 49 (45) | 0.84 | Subjective view of health n (%) | | | 0.35 | “Excellent” | 10 (9) | 12 (11) | | “Very good” | 37 (34) | 32 (29) | | “Average” | 56 (51) | 50 (46) | | “Worse than average” | 5 (4) | 11 (10) | | “Very poor” | 2 (2) | 5 (4) | | Interviews English/Tagalog n | 103/7 | 103/7 | 1.0 |
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Note. All participants were ≥20 years with a minimum of 7 years residency in the study areas.
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