Table 2: Secondary causes of bone loss in men [2, 6].

Common Less Common Cushing’s syndrome or corticosteroid therapy (e.g., >5 mg/day for >3 months) Low BMI (<20 Kg/m2) and eating disorders associated with decreased BMI Lack of exercise or excessive exercise Excessive alcohol use Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, primidone, carbamazepine) Primary or secondary hypogonadism Low calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency Thyrotoxicosis or thyroxine overreplacement Smoking Primary hyperparathyroidism Family history of minimal trauma fracture Chronic liver or kidney disease Malabsorption, including celiac disease Chronic lung disease Hypercalciuria Rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis Type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus Multiple myeloma or other monoclonal gammopathies HIV or its treatment with protease inhibitors Mastocytosis Organ transplantation or immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) Osteogenesis imperfecta

BMI: body mass index (defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters).