Table 1: Natural substances and their confirmed effects in modern medicine described in Al-Tasrif for the surgical management of gynecomastia.

Common name Scientific name Effects Dragon’s blood Calamus draco Wound healing [22], antimicrobial [22] Sarcocolla Astragalus fasciculifolius Wound healing [23, 24] Myrrh Commiphora molmol Wound healing [25], antibacterial [26] Aloe Aloe vera Antimicrobial [27], wound healing [28] Gum Arabic tree Acacia arabica Antibacterial [29]