http://www.hindawi.com The latest articles from Hindawi Publishing Corporation © 2013 , Hindawi Publishing Corporation . All rights reserved. Thu, 07 Mar 2013 09:11:04 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2013/284637/ We study an unsteady MHD free convection heat and mass transfer boundary layer incompressible fluid flow past a vertical porous plate in the presence of viscous dissipation, heat generation/absorption, chemical reaction, and Arrhenius activation energy. The plate is moving with uniform velocity. The chemical reaction rate in the function of temperature is also considered. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by introducing local similarity transformation (Maleque (2010)) and then are solved numerically by shooting method using the Nachtsheim-Swigert iteration technique. The results of the numerical solution are then presented graphically as well as the tabular form for difference values of the various parameters. Kh. Abdul Maleque Copyright © 2013 Kh. Abdul Maleque. All rights reserved. Thu, 21 Feb 2013 15:10:25 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2013/534750/ A comprehensive study of mass transfer and thermal radiation on a steady two-dimensional laminar flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting micropolar fluid past a stretching surface embedded in a non-Darcian porous medium in the presence of heat generation is analyzed numerically. The governing equations of momentum, angular momentum, energy, and species equations are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta fourth order method with the shooting technique. The effects of various parameters on the velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration field as well as skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are shown graphically and tabulated. It is observed that the micropolar fluid helps in the reduction of drag forces and also acts as a cooling agent. S. Mohammed Ibrahim, T. Sankar Reddy, and N. Bhaskar Reddy Copyright © 2013 S. Mohammed Ibrahim et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 18 Feb 2013 11:56:25 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2013/953536/ An analysis of unsteady free convection with heat and mass transfer flow for a micropolar fluid through a porous medium with a variable permeability bounded by a semi-infinite vertical plate in the presence of heat generation, thermal radiation, first-order chemical reaction, and the radiation absorption is reported. The plate is assumed to move with a constant velocity in the direction of fluid flow. A uniform magnetic field acts perpendicular to the porous surface which absorbs micropolar fluid with a suction velocity varying with time. The dimensionless governing equations for this investigation are solved analytically using two-term harmonic and nonharmonic functions. To observe physical insight and interesting aspects of the problem, the velocity, angular velocity, temperature, and concentration field are numerically studied and displayed graphically for pertinent parameters. D. Harish Babu and P. V. Satya Narayana Copyright © 2013 D. Harish Babu and P. V. Satya Narayana. All rights reserved. Thu, 17 Jan 2013 08:03:37 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2013/291270/ MHD flow of viscous conducting fluid is considered between a shrinking sheet and a porous medium bed. Suction is applied at the upper shrinking sheet and its surface temperature is always maintained higher than the temperature of the lower porous bed surface. Similarity transformations and HAM are used to solve the governing equations for velocity and temperature fields. The effects of various pertinent parameters on the results are discussed graphically. Dileep Singh Chauhan and Rashmi Agrawal Copyright © 2013 Dileep Singh Chauhan and Rashmi Agrawal. All rights reserved. Thu, 20 Dec 2012 11:42:02 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/465864/ An analysis is made on the study of two-dimensional MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) boundary-layer stagnation-point flow of an electrically conducting power-law fluid over a stretching surface when the surface is stretched in its own plane with a velocity proportional to the distance from the stagnation-point in the presence of thermal radiation and suction/injection. The paper examines heat transfer in the stagnation-point flow of a power-law fluid except when the ratio of the free stream velocity and stretching velocity is equal to unity. The governing partial differential equations along with the boundary conditions are first brought into a dimensionless form and then the equations are solved by Runge-Kutta fourth-order scheme with shooting techniques. It is found that the temperature at a point decreases/increases with increase in the magnetic field when free stream velocity is greater/less than the stretching velocity. It is further observed that for a given value of the magnetic parameter , the dimensionless rate of heat transfer at the surface and decreases/increases with increase in the power-law index . Further, the temperature at a point in the fluid decreases with increase in the radiation parameter when free stream velocity is greater/less than the stretching velocity. Tapas Ray Mahapatra, Sabyasachi Mondal, and Dulal Pal Copyright © 2012 Tapas Ray Mahapatra et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 20 Dec 2012 09:32:35 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/614086/ Thermal diffusivity, conductivity, and effusivity are parameters that can be measured using photoacoustic techniques. Both thermal diffusivity and conductivity have already been measured for bovine milk. To complete its thermal characterization, this paper deals with the thermal effusivity of commercial bovine milk with a different fat content. The thermal effusivity ε obtained for skimmed, partly skimmed, and whole milks is 0.153 W cm−2 s1/2 K−1, 0.144 W cm−2 s1/2 K−1, and 0.140 W cm−2 s1/2 K−1, respectively, with the uncertainty being less than 5%. It was observed that the thermal effusivity decreases with the increase in the fat content. For the first time, it is observed that the thermal effusivity is a linear function of the logarithm of the fat content. The comparison of our results with previous results for milk from Slovakia revealed different thermal effusivity values. This might be due to regional differences in the milk composition and could be used as a criterion to identify the milk provenience. Daniel Acosta-Avalos and Daniel Soares Velasco Copyright © 2012 Daniel Acosta-Avalos and Daniel Soares Velasco. All rights reserved. Thu, 13 Dec 2012 19:32:31 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/108781/ Thermodynamics of oxidation of crystalline silicon carbide (cubic form) by atomic oxygen (O) and ozone (O3) was derived to understand the thermodynamic stability of SiC in the upper atmosphere. Equilibrium constants and equilibrium partial pressures were computed for each of eight possible reactions of SiC with O and O3. Equilibrium activity diagrams were derived, showing the most stable oxidation products of SiC, represented in temperature-oxygen pressure 2D diagrams. Programs were developed in Mathematica. The diagrams provide an understanding of the oxidation routes of SiC under changing levels of O/O3 and temperature, as encountered during reentry of space vehicles. At high levels of the volatiles, CO2, CO, and SiO and temperatures between 1000 and 1500 K, oxidation by atomic oxygen or ozone first produced SiO2 + C followed by SiO2 + CO and finally SiO2 + CO2. When volatiles were at very low pressures, the sequence of oxidation was SiO + CO followed by either SiO2 + CO or SiO + CO2 and finally SiO2 + CO2. Stability of SiC in ozone was much lower than in atomic oxygen. With both oxidants, the oxidation of the Si in SiC occurred prior to the oxidation of C. Implications for mechanisms of thermal protection are discussed. Chandrika Varadachari, Ritabrata Bhowmick, and Kunal Ghosh Copyright © 2012 Chandrika Varadachari et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 13 Dec 2012 11:51:46 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/830103/ The present study involves application of an open system entropy generation formulation to analyze human thermal stress responses. The time-series human thermal stress response data are obtained by conducting a simulation using a validated finite-element human thermal model (FEHTM). These simulated human thermal response data are used as an input to the entropy generation expression to obtain human entropy generation (HEG) values. The effects of variables such as air temperature, relative humidity, physical activity, and clothing on entropy generation are examined. A design of experiment (DOE) approach is utilized to study the interaction effects of air temperature and relative humidity on entropy generation. The study establishes the importance and utility of entropy generation as a holistic measure of human thermal physiological reaction to external and internal changes. This novel study has great potential for use in military medicine, rehabilitation, sports, and related applications. Satish C. Boregowda, Robert E. Choate, and Rodney Handy Copyright © 2012 Satish C. Boregowda et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 06 Dec 2012 11:36:45 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/217278/ This study theoretically investigates the conjugate effects of radiation flux and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) on free convection boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. It is assumed that the magnetic Reynolds number is small enough and the sheet is stretched with a power law velocity under the effects of the magnetic field, the buoyancy parameter, and the solutal buoyancy parameter. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Rosseland approximation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis parameters. By using appropriate similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into dimensionless form and numerically solved using an implicit finite difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. It is found that the variations of magnetic field, buoyancy parameter, solutal buoyancy parameter, and the power law velocity parameter have strong influence on the motion. Muhammad Imran Anwar, Sharidan Shafie, Ilyas Khan, and Mohd Zuki Salleh Copyright © 2012 Muhammad Imran Anwar et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 28 Nov 2012 12:39:41 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/670396/ We have explored the influence of thermal diffusion and radiation on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow past an infinite heated vertical plate in a porous medium. The governing boundary layer equations are written into a dimensionless form by similarity transformations. The transformed nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically with finite element methods. Numerical calculations are carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters. The results are presented graphically for velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles and show that the flow field and other quantities of physical interest are significantly influenced by these parameters. S. Sivaiah, K. Anitha, and S. Venkataramana Copyright © 2012 S. Sivaiah et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 19 Nov 2012 14:37:04 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/904680/ The present paper deals with the theoretical investigation of thermodynamical and structural properties like internal energy , entropy , Helmholtz free energy , isothermal compressibility , specific Heat , structure factor and long wave length limit of structure factor of 3d liquid transition metals. To describe electron-ion interaction we have used our newly constructed parameter free model potential. To perform this task, we have used different reference systems like Percus Yevick Hard Sphere (PYHS), One Component Plasma (OCP), and Charged Hard Sphere (CHS) reference systems. We have also seen the influence of different local field correction functions like Hartree (HR), Taylor (TR), and Sarkar et al. (SR) on thermodynamical properties of 3d liquid transition metals. Finally we conclude that the proper choice of the model potential along with reference system plays a vital role in the study of thermodynamical and structural properties of 3d liquid transition metals. Y. A. Sonvane, P. B. Thakor, and A. R. Jani Copyright © 2012 Y. A. Sonvane et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 19 Nov 2012 09:30:07 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/701209/ The Pippard relations are verified near the melting point for cyclohexane. The experimental data for the thermal expansivity is analyzed according to a power-law formula using the critical exponent and the thermodynamic quantities are calculated close to the melting point for this molecular organic compound. This applies to those compounds showing a second order transition prior to melting. Hamit Yurtseven Copyright © 2012 Hamit Yurtseven. All rights reserved. Wed, 14 Nov 2012 19:34:24 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/214362/ This communication pertains to the study of radiative heat transfer in boundary layer flow over an exponentially shrinking permeable sheet placed at the bottom of fluid saturated porous medium. The porous medium has permeability of specified form. The fluid considered here is Newtonian, without phase change, optically dense, absorbing-emitting radiation but a nonscattering medium. The setup is subjected to suction to contain the vorticity in the boundary layer. The radiative heat flux in the energy equation is accounted by Rosseland approximation. The thermal conductivity is presumed to vary with temperature in a linear fashion. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme together with shooting method. The pertinent findings displayed through figures and tables are discussed. Paresh Vyas and Nupur Srivastava Copyright © 2012 Paresh Vyas and Nupur Srivastava. All rights reserved. Wed, 14 Nov 2012 11:37:44 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/373202/ A study of mixed convection, in a shallow lid-driven rectangular cavity filled with water-based nanofluids and subjected to uniform heat flux along the vertical side walls, has been performed numerically by solving the full governing equations via the finite volume method and the SIMPLER algorithm. In the limit of a shallow enclosure, these equations have been considerably reduced by using the parallel flow approximation. Solutions, for the flow and temperature fields, and the heat transfer rate, have been obtained as functions of the governing parameters, namely, the Reynolds (Re) and the Richardson (Ri) numbers and the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles (Φ). A good agreement has been obtained between the results of the two approaches for a wide range of the governing parameters. Moreover, it has been found that the addition of Cu-nanoparticles, into the pure water, leads to an enhancement or a degradation of heat transfer depending on the values of Re and Ri. Hassan Elharfi, Mohamed Naïmi, Mohamed Lamsaadi, Abdelghani Raji, and Mohammed Hasnaoui Copyright © 2012 Hassan Elharfi et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 14 Nov 2012 11:11:37 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/614712/ Two-dimensional steady-state Rayleigh-Bénard convection of thermodependent power-law fluids confined in a square cavity, heated from the bottom and cooled on the top with uniform heat fluxes, has been conducted numerically using a finite difference technique. The effects of the governing parameters, which are the Pearson number , the flow behaviour index , and the Rayleigh number , on the flow onset, flow structure, and heat transfer have been examined. The heatlines concept has been used to explain the heat transfer deterioration due to temperature-dependent viscosity effect that m expresses. Mourad Kaddiri, Mohamed Naïmi, Abdelghani Raji, and Mohammed Hasnaoui Copyright © 2012 Mourad Kaddiri et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 14 Nov 2012 10:05:08 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/671027/ The present study is focused on estimation of transition temperature and stability of various forms of lamivudine. The forms were recrystallized from variety of solvents and preliminarily identification on the basis of SEM revealed existence of three forms (Forms I, II, III). DSC scans of Forms I and III show that these are metastable and undergo heat mediated transformation to Form IH and Form IIIH, respectively. Form II is phase pure with single sharp melting endotherm at 178.6°C. The thermal events are visually observed by hot stage microscopy. Enthalpy of solution of the forms is endothermic and magnitude varies in the order Form II > Form IL > Form IIIL suggesting Form IIIL to be least crystalline which is well correlated with XRPD data. The transition temperature of the polymorphic pairs IL/IH and IIIL/IIIH derived from enthalpy of solution and solubility data revealed monotropy whereas enantiotropy exists in IIIH/II. The slurry experiments showed Form II to be thermodynamically most stable. Forms IL and IIIL though stable in water are converted to Form II in ethanol, acetonitrile, and propanol after 1 day. Form IIIL is converted to Form IL in water after 7 days and the observation is of importance as this instability can effect the pharmaceutical preparations whereas Form IL shows a balance between stability and solubility. Renu Chadha, Poonam Arora, and Swati Bhandari Copyright © 2012 Renu Chadha et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 14 Nov 2012 09:29:42 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/832708/ Compact heat exchangers (CHEs) have been widely used in various applications in thermal fluid systems including automotive thermal management systems. Among the different types of heat exchangers for engine cooling applications, cross-flow CHEs with louvered fins are of special interest because of their higher heat rejection capability with the lower flow resistance. In this study, the effects of geometrical parameters such as louver angle and fin pitch on air flow and heat transfer characteristics on CHEs are numerically investigated. Numerical investigations using five different cases with increased and decreased louver angles (+2°, +4°, −2°, −4°, and uniform angle 20°), with a fixed fin pitch and using three different fin pitches (1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, and 4.0 mm), and with the fixed louver angle are examined. The three-dimensional (3D) governing equations for the fluid flow and heat transfer are solved using a standard finite-volume method (FVM) for the range of Reynolds number between 100 and 1000. The computational model is used to study the variations of pressure drop, flow temperature, and Nusselt number. P. Gunnasegaran, N. H. Shuaib, and M. F. Abdul Jalal Copyright © 2012 P. Gunnasegaran et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 23 Aug 2012 10:24:09 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/795814/ The effects of radiation and heat generation on steady thermal boundary layer flow induced by a linearly stretching sheet immersed in an incompressible micropolar fluid with constant surface temperature are investigated. Similarity transformation is employed to transform the governing partial differential equations into ordinary ones, which are then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth order along shooting method. Results for the local Nusselt number as well as the temperature profiles are presented for different values of the governing parameters. It is observed that the velocity increases with an increase in the material parameter. It is seen that the temperature profile is influenced considerably and increases when the value of heat generation parameter increases along the boundary layer. Also, the temperature distribution of the fluid increases with an increase in the radiation parameter. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and the results are found to be in very good agreement. M. Gnaneswara Reddy Copyright © 2012 M. Gnaneswara Reddy. All rights reserved. Mon, 16 Jul 2012 14:10:44 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/794741/ This paper presents unsteady as well as steady-state free convection Couette flow of reactive viscous fluid in a vertical channel formed by two infinite vertical parallel porous plates. The motion of the fluid is induced due to free convection caused by the reactive nature of viscous fluid as well as the impulsive motion of one of the porous plates. The Boussinesq assumption is applied, and the nonlinear governing equations of motion and energy are developed. The time-dependent problem is solved using implicit finite difference method, and steady-state problem is solved by applying regular perturbation technique. During the course of computation, an excellent agreement was found between the well-known steady-state solutions and transient solutions at large value of time. Basant K. Jha, Ahmad K. Samaila, and Abiodun O. Ajibade Copyright © 2012 Basant K. Jha et al. All rights reserved. Sun, 08 Jul 2012 09:09:03 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/167281/ The present study presents a thermodynamic model for predicting the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary hydrocarbon fuel droplets under atmospheric pressure and normal gravity conditions. The model employs activity coefficients based on UNIFAC group contribution method and evaluates the vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary and ternary droplets. The gas-phase properties have been evaluated as a function of temperature and mixture molecular weight. The model has been validated against the experimental data available in literature. The validated model is used to predict the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary fuel droplets at atmospheric pressure under normal gravity. Results show multiple slopes in the droplet surface regression indicating preferential vaporization of fuel components based on their boiling point and volatility. The average evaporation rate is dictated by the ambient temperature and also by composition of the mixture. S. Raghuram and Vasudevan Raghavan Copyright © 2012 S. Raghuram and Vasudevan Raghavan. All rights reserved. Thu, 05 Jul 2012 10:24:48 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/146263/ An analysis is presented for the problem of the unsteady two-dimensional laminar flow of a viscous incompressible micropolar fluid past a vertical porous plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field and thermal radiation with variable heat flux. The free stream velocity follows an exponentially increasing or decreasing small perturbation law. A uniform magnetic field acts perpendicularly to the porous surface in which it absorbs the micropolar fluid with a suction velocity varying with time. The Rosseland approximation is used to describe radiative heat transfer in the limit of optically thick fluids. The effects of flow parameters and thermophysical properties on the flow temperature fields across the boundary layer are investigated. The method of solution can be applied for small perturbation approximation. Numerical results of velocity profiles of micropolar fluids are compared with the corresponding flow problems for a Newtonian fluid. Also, the results of the skin-friction coefficient and the couple stress coefficient at the wall are prepared with various values of the fluid properties. M. Gnaneswara Reddy Copyright © 2012 M. Gnaneswara Reddy. All rights reserved. Thu, 28 Jun 2012 11:10:22 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/850957/ The concept of time’s arrow is examined using the principle of least action as given in its original non-Abelian form. When every entity of nature is considered to be composed of quantized actions, such an entity will change, either by absorbing quanta from surrounding actions or by emitting quanta to the surrounding actions. In natural processes, quanta disperse from high-energy density actions to low-energy density actions in quest of consuming free energy in least time. We propose that the flux of quanta embodies the flow of time, and therefore the irreversible consumption of free energy creates time’s arrow in a fundamental physical sense. The cosmological arrow of time results from universal processes that take place, most notably, in stars and other celestial systems, where matter, that is, bound actions, combusts to photons, that is, freely propagating actions. The biological arrow of time manifests itself in maturation processes where quanta absorb to emerging functional structures, leading eventually to aging processes where quanta, on balance, emit from disintegrating organs. Mathematical analysis of an evolutionary equation of motion, given in general terms of a spontaneous symmetry breaking process of actions, reveals the reason why future paths—and the future itself—remain inherently intractable. Arto Annila and Stanley Salthe Copyright © 2012 Arto Annila and Stanley Salthe. All rights reserved. Wed, 13 Jun 2012 11:50:06 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/704984/ This paper presents an axi-symmetric laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous incompressible fluid and heat transfer towards a stretching cylinder embedded in a porous medium. The partial differential equations corresponding to the momentum and heat equations are converted into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations. Numerical solutions of these equations are obtained by shooting method. It is found that the velocity decreases with increasing permeability parameter. The skin friction as well as the heat transfer rate at the surface is larger for a cylinder compared to a flat plate. Swati Mukhopadhyay Copyright © 2012 Swati Mukhopadhyay. All rights reserved. Tue, 22 May 2012 10:51:50 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/587584/ Nine M-xCr-yC ternary alloys, three cobalt based, three nickel based and three iron based, were elaborated by foundry, from chemical compositions previously selected by the mean of thermodynamic calculations. They were metallographically characterized, using electron microscopy, image analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The as-cast microstructures are in rather good agreement with the ones predicted at 500 and/or 600°C, despite that the elaboration conditions did not meet any thermodynamic equilibrium criteria. Indeed, the obtained carbides and graphite fractions were close to the calculated ones, and the new chromium contents previously chosen effectively led to the expected microstructure modifications, notably almost total suppression of graphite in the nickel alloys and obtaining large fractions of carbides in the cobalt alloys. This allowed specifying the hardness evolution resulting, for these alloys, from the presence or absence of the soft graphite phase, and from the lowering or the enhancement of the carbides presence. Ophélie Hestin, Elise Souaillat, Ahmed Dia, Moussa Ba, and Patrice Berthod Copyright © 2012 Ophélie Hestin et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 17 May 2012 10:24:29 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/528737/ A thermodynamic expression for the analog of the canonical ensemble for nonequilibrium systems is described based on a purely information theoretical interpretation of entropy. It is shown that this nonequilibrium canonical distribution implies some important results from nonequilibrium thermodynamics, specifically, the fluctuation theorem and the Jarzynski equality. Those results are therefore expected to be more widely applicable, for example, to macroscopic systems. Maarten H. P. Ambaum Copyright © 2012 Maarten H. P. Ambaum. All rights reserved. Thu, 10 May 2012 07:58:03 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/917836/ Within the scope of the self-consistent field and mean (‘‘molecular’’) self-consistent field approximations, applying the static concentration wave method, the thermodynamics of f.c.c.-Ni–Fe alloys undergoing the static applied magnetic field effects is studied in detail. Under such conditions, the analytical corrections to expressions for the configuration-dependent part of free energy of macroscopically ferromagnetic L12-Ni3Fe-type or L10-NiFe-type ordering phases are taken into account. The obtained results for thermodynamically equilibrium states are compared with the refined phase diagram for f.c.c.-Ni–Fe alloys calculated recently without taking into account the applied magnetic field effects. Considering the specific character of microscopic structure of the magnetic and atomic orders in f.c.c.-Ni–Fe alloys, the changes of shape (and in arrangement) of order-disorder phase-transformation curves (Kurnakov points) are thoroughly analysed. A special attention is addressed to the investigation of the concentration, temperature, and magnetic-field induction-dependent atomic and magnetic long-range order parameters, especially, near their critical points. As revealed unambiguously, influence of a static applied magnetic field promotes the elevation of Kurnakov points for all the atomically ordering phases that is in an overall agreement with reliable experimental data. On the base of revealed phenomenon, the magneto external field analog-to-digital converter of the monochromatic radiations (X-rays or thermal neutrons) is hypothesized as a claim. I. V. Vernyhora, V. A. Tatarenko, and S. M. Bokoch Copyright © 2012 I. V. Vernyhora et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 09 Apr 2012 10:18:05 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/798140/ We have studied the structural and thermophysical properties of cadmium oxide (CdO), using the Three-Body Potential (TBP) model. Phase transition pressures are associated with a sudden collapse in volume. The phase transition pressures and related volume collapses obtained from this model show a generally good agreement with available experimental others data. The thermophysical properties like molecular force constant, Debye temperature, and so forth, of CdO are also reported. Purvee Bhardwaj Copyright © 2012 Purvee Bhardwaj. All rights reserved. Tue, 27 Mar 2012 09:34:36 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/308795/ The thermodynamic equilibria of alloys, based on Co, Ni, and Fe rich in chromium and carbon over a [500; 1500°C] range of temperature, were determined using thermodynamic calculations. The probable types of microstructures (hypo- to hypereutectic) as well as the phase present at high temperature (matrix network, types of carbides, presence or not of graphite) were predicted. From these results new chromium contents to either avoid or promote the presence of graphite were chosen and the as-cast microstructures of the corresponding real alloys were anticipated, before their elaboration and microstructure characterization in the second part of this work. Patrice Berthod Copyright © 2012 Patrice Berthod. All rights reserved. Thu, 08 Mar 2012 09:27:59 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/609701/ In traditional and geophysical fluid dynamics, it is common to describe stratified turbulent fluid flows with low Mach number and small relative density variations by means of the incompressible Boussinesq approximation. Although such an approximation is often interpreted as decoupling the thermodynamics from the dynamics, this paper reviews recent results and derive new ones that show that the reality is actually more subtle and complex when diabatic effects and a nonlinear equation of state are retained. Such an analysis reveals indeed: (1) that the compressible work of expansion/contraction remains of comparable importance as the mechanical energy conversions in contrast to what is usually assumed; (2) in a Boussinesq fluid, compressible effects occur in the guise of changes in gravitational potential energy due to density changes. This makes it possible to construct a fully consistent description of the thermodynamics of incompressible fluids for an arbitrary nonlinear equation of state; (3) rigorous methods based on using the available potential energy and potential enthalpy budgets can be used to quantify the work of expansion/contraction 𝐵 in steady and transient flows, which reveals that 𝐵 is predominantly controlled by molecular diffusive effects, and act as a significant sink of kinetic energy. Rémi Tailleux Copyright © 2012 Rémi Tailleux. All rights reserved. Wed, 07 Mar 2012 13:28:50 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/thermodynamics/2012/204104/ The process of ion solvation has been studied in the reversible system using the Van't Hoff equilibrium box. It is shown that the Born formula for solvation energy describes a change in enthalpy rather than in Gibbs energy. Nikolai Bazhin Copyright © 2012 Nikolai Bazhin. All rights reserved.