Table 2: Mean time in seconds (±standard deviation) measured from the onset of swallowing (closure of the epiglottis) in 11 healthy dogs [7].

Action Liquid Kibble Maximum pharyngeal contraction 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 Upper esophageal sphincter opening 0.09 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.03 Upper esophageal sphincter closure 0.26 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.06 Epiglottic reopening 0.28 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02