Complex Dynamics of a Diffusive Holling-Tanner Predator-Prey Model with the Allee Effect

Figure 3

The phase portrait of model (7) with the strong Allee effect. The parameters are taken as 𝑎=0.2556936062, 𝛿=0.8, 𝑚=1.3, and 𝑟=0.07238979895. 𝐸₀=(0.3,0) is an unstable node point; 𝐸₁=(1,0) is saddle point; the positive equilibrium 𝐸₂=(0.2,0.4) is a cusp point. In this case, the point (0,0) is globally asymptotically stable. The dotted curves are the nullclines.