Spatiotemporal Patterns in a Ratio-Dependent Food Chain Model with Reaction-Diffusion

Figure 1

𝑐₁-𝑞₁ bifurcation diagram for model 3 with 𝑚₁=1.5,  𝑚₂=2,  𝑞₂=1,  𝑐₂=0.5,  𝑑₁=0.01,  𝑑₂=0.1,  𝑑₃=1,  and  𝑞₁  a variational parameter. Hopf and Turing bifurcation curves separate the coexistence parameter space into four domains. …: the dividing line of coexistence and noncoexistence of prey and their predators.