Fixed Points of Multivalued Contractive Mappings in Partial Metric Spaces

Khan, Abdul Rahim; Abbas, Mujahid; Nazir, Talat; Ionescu, Cristiana

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230708

Abstract and Applied Analysis

On this page

Abstract Introduction Preliminaries References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Advances on Multivalued Operators and Related Fixed Point Problems

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 230708 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230708

Fixed Points of Multivalued Contractive Mappings in Partial Metric Spaces

Abdul Rahim Khan,¹Mujahid Abbas,²Talat Nazir,³and Cristiana Ionescu⁴

Academic Editor: Hassen Aydi

Received23 Nov 2013

Accepted07 Jan 2014

Published20 Feb 2014

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present fixed point results of multivalued mappings in the framework of partial metric spaces. Some examples are presented to support the results proved herein. Our results generalize and extend various results in the existing literature. As an application of our main result, the existence and uniqueness of bounded solution of functional equations arising in dynamic programming are established.

1. Introduction

In 1922, Banach proved his celebrated contraction principle [1]. As it is well known, there have been published remarkable research articles about fixed points theory for different classes of contractive mappings, on some spaces such as quasi-metric spaces [2], cone metric spaces [3], convex metric spaces [4], partially ordered metric spaces [5–10], -metric spaces [11–15], partial metric spaces [16, 17], quasi-partial metric spaces [18], fuzzy metric spaces [19], and Menger spaces [20]. Also, studies either on approximate fixed point or on qualitative aspects of numerical procedures for approximating fixed points are available in literature; please, see [4, 21–23].

The concept of a partial metric space is introduced by Matthews [24], as a part of the study of denotational semantics of dataflow networks. He gave a modified version of the Banach contraction principle, more suitable in this context (see also [25, 26]). In fact, (complete) partial metric spaces constitute a suitable framework to model several distinguished examples of the theory of computation and also to model metric spaces via domain theory (see [24, 27–31]).

It was shown that, in some cases, the results of fixed point in partial metric spaces can be obtained directly from their induced metric counterparts [32–34]. However, some conclusions important for the application of partial metrics in information sciences cannot be obtained in this way. For example, if is a fixed point of map , then, by using the method from [32], we cannot conclude that . For further details, we refer the reader to [35, 36].

Recently, Aydi et al. [37] introduced the concept of a partial Hausdorff metric. They initiated study of fixed point theory for multivalued mappings on partial metric space using the partial Hausdorff metric and proved an analogue of the well-known Nadler fixed point theorem.

In this paper, we obtain several fixed point results of multivalued mappings in partial metric spaces. Our results extend, unify, and generalize the comparable results in [38–41].

2. Preliminaries

In the sequel the letters , , and will denote the set of all real numbers, the set of all nonnegative real numbers, and the set of all positive integer numbers, respectively.

Consistent with [24, 42], the following definitions and results will be needed in the sequel.

Definition 1. Let be a nonempty set. A function is said to be a partial metric on if, for any , the following conditions hold:(p₁) if and only if ;(p₂); (p₃); (p₄).
The pair is called a partial metric space.

If , then (p₁) and (p₂) imply that . But the converse does not hold in general.

A trivial example of a partial metric space is the pair , where

Example 2 (see [24]). If , then defines a partial metric on .

For more examples of partial metric spaces, we refer to [17, 29, 31, 43–45].

Each partial metric on generates a topology on , whose base is the family of open -balls , where , for all and .

Observe (see [24, p. 187]) that a sequence in a partial metric space converges to a point , with respect to , if and only if .

If is a partial metric on , then the function defines a metric on .

Furthermore, a sequence converges in to a point if and only if

Definition 3 (see [24]). Let be a partial metric space. (a)A sequence in is said to be a Cauchy sequence if exists and is finite.(b) is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence in converges with respect to to a point such that . In this case, we say that the partial metric is complete.

Lemma 4 (see [24, 42]). Let be a partial metric space. Then, (i)a sequence in is a Cauchy sequence in if and only if it is a Cauchy sequence in metric space ;(ii)a partial metric space is complete if and only if the metric space is complete.

Let be a partial metric space. Let and () be the family of all nonempty and nonempty and closed (nonempty, closed, and bounded) subsets of the partial metric space . Note that here closedness is considered in ( is the topology induced by ) while boundedness is given as follows: is a bounded subset in if there exist and such that, for all , we have ; that is, .

For and , [37] defines It is easy to check that , where .

Remark 5 (see [42]). Let be a partial metric space and let be any nonempty set in . Then where denotes the closure of with respect to the partial metric . Note that is closed in if and only if .

Let be any nonempty set and let be a given mapping. For any fixed , a sequence in such that is called a -orbital sequence about . Collection of all such sequences will be denoted by . Further a point is called a fixed point of if and only if [46]. The set of all fixed points of multivalued mapping is denoted by .

We have the following partial metric space version of Definition 1.8 in [47].

Definition 6. Let be any nonempty set, , and let . A mapping is said to be -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to if and converges to implying that .

3. Fixed Points of Multivalued Mapping

In this section, we obtain several fixed point results of multivalued mappings satisfying more general contractive conditions than those of Cho et al. [47], [48], and Feng and Liu [38] in the frame work of partial metric spaces.

Theorem 7. Let be a partial metric space and let be a multivalued mapping. Suppose that there exist functions and such that where . If, for any , there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then is a fixed point of . If , then .

Proof. Let be a given point in . Since , we can choose such that Then, we have We define by for all . Then by definition of and , it follows that for all and for all . From (11), we have Continuing this way, we can obtain a sequence in such that which satisfies
Now by (13) and (14), we have As , we have for all . Thus, is (strictly) decreasing sequence of positive real numbers. Consequently, there exists such that converges to . Since for all , it follows from (13) that , and hence we have On taking upper limit as on both sides of (17), we have which implies that ; that is, .
Now we show that is a Cauchy sequence. Put . We can choose a real number such that there exists a positive integer such that for all . Thus, from (15), we have for all . So for all with , Also, from (17) and (19), we have for all . Now Thus for all . Using , we get that is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space . By Lemma 4, is a Cauchy sequence in .
Next, we assume that there exists an element in such that and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to . Then it follows that Thus . Since is closed, .
Now, if , then from (9) we have where . Hence .

Example 8. Let and let be the partial metric defined by Define the mapping by Note that is closed and bounded for all in the partial metric space . Define and , where as Clearly, for all and for all . We will show that for all , (8) and (9) are satisfied. For this, we consider the following cases.(i)If , then there exists such that (ii)When , then there exists such that (iii)For there exists such that
Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 7 are satisfied. Moreover, and .

The next example shows that one cannot derive the conclusion of Theorem 7 using metric induced by a partial metric.

Example 9. Let be the partial metric space with . Define the mapping by Note that is closed and bounded for all in the partial metric space . Define and by where . Clearly, for all and for all . We will show that, for all , (8) and (9) are satisfied. For this, we consider the following cases.
When , then, for , (8) and (9) are satisfied.
For , take such that In case , taking we have Hence for all , there exists such that (8) and (9) are satisfied. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 7 are satisfied. Moreover, and .
On the other hand, we have . If we take , then there does not exist any such that (8) and (9) are satisfied.

Hence we are justified in formulating the following result.

Theorem 10. Let be a partial metric space and let be a mapping. Suppose that there exist functions , such that where . If for any there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is a Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then .

Proof. Let be a given point in . As in the proof of Theorem 7, we can obtain a sequence in such that , which satisfies From for all , we have As so we have for all , and it follows that is (strictly) decreasing sequence of positive real numbers. Consequently, there exists such that converges to . On taking upper limit as on both sides of (40), we have which implies that ; that is, .
Now we show that is a Cauchy sequence. Since , for all , it follows from (38) that , and hence we have Thus the sequence is bounded.
Following arguments similar to those in the proof of Theorem 7, we obtain that is a Cauchy sequence in and .

Now, in the next two results, we consider further generalization of the conditions (8), (9), and (37).

Theorem 11. Let be a partial metric space and let be a multivalued mapping. Suppose that there exist functions , such that is nondecreasing and subadditive and they satisfy If for any there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is a Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then .

Proof. Let be a given point in . Since , we can choose such that As before by continuing this way, we can obtain a sequence in such that which satisfies By (47), we have for all . We define by for all . Then by the definitions of and , it follows that for all , and for all . From (48), we have As so we have for all . Also, By nondecreasing , it follows that for all . Thus, and are (strictly) decreasing sequences of positive real numbers. Consequently, there exist such that converges to and converges to . Now, by taking upper limit as in (49), we have which implies ; that is, .
Now we show that is a Cauchy sequence. There exists a real number such that, for a positive integer with , we have Clearly, for all . Now Thus for all . This implies that is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space . By Lemma 4, is a Cauchy sequence in . Using arguments as in the proof of Theorem 7, we can show that the limit point of is a fixed point of .

In same way, we can prove the following result.

Theorem 12. Let be a partial metric space and be a multivalued mapping. Suppose that there exist , such that is nondecreasing and subadditive and they satisfy If for any there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is a Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then .

The following result generalizes and extends Theorem 3.1 in [38] to partial metric spaces.

Corollary 13. Let be a partial metric space, and let be a multivalued mapping. If there exist constants with such that, for any , there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is a Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then .

The following corollary is an extension of [49] and in view of Corollary 3.2 in [38] is a special case of Theorem 10.

Corollary 14. Let be a partial metric space, and let be a multivalued mapping. If there exist constants such that, for any , there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is a Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then .

Corollary 15. Let be a partial metric space and let be a self-mapping. Suppose that, there exist , such that is nondecreasing and subadditive and they satisfy If for any there exists satisfying then, for each , there exists in such that is a Cauchy sequence. Further, if converges to and the function is -orbitally lower semicontinuous at with respect to , then .

We remark that(1)if is a complete partial metric space in Theorems 7 and 10, is a multivalued mapping satisfying all the conditions of Theorems 7 and 10, and the function is lower semicontinuous on , then there exists in such that .(2)Theorems 7, 10, and 11 extend and generalize Theorems 2.1 and 2.4 in [47], Theorem 3.1 in [38], and Theorems 2.3, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.8 in [41] to partial metric spaces.

4. Application

Let and be the Banach spaces with and . Suppose that If we consider and as the state and decision spaces, respectively, then the problem of dynamic programming reduces to the problem of solving the functional equation Equation (65) can be reformulated as where .

For more on problems of dynamic programming involving such functional equations, we refer the reader to [25, 50–52].

We study the existence and uniqueness of the bounded solution of the functional equation (66) arising in dynamic programming in the setup of partial metric spaces.

Let denote the set of all bounded real valued functions on . For an arbitrary , define . Then is a Banach space endowed with the metric defined as .

Now consider where . Then is a partial metric on (see also [53]).

We need the following two conditions.(A₁) and are bounded.(A₂)For , , and , define

Moreover, assume that there exist mappings and such that is nondecreasing and subadditive and they satisfy

Also for any , there exists such that hold for all .

Theorem 16. Assume that conditions (A₁) and (A₂) are satisfied. If is a closed convex subspace of , then the functional equation (66) has a unique and bounded solution.

Proof. Note that is a complete partial metric space. By (A₁), is a self-map of . By (68) in (A₂) it follows that for any , there exists such that hold for all . Now, we have Also Note that the above inequalities are true for all , and, for any , there exists such that Therefore by Corollary 15, the map has a fixed point ; that is, is a unique and bounded solution of functional equation (66).

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors A. R. Khan and M. Abbas are grateful to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals for supporting Research Project IN 121023.

References

S. Banach, “Sur les operations dans les ensembles abstraits et leur application aux equations integrales,” Fundamenta Mathematicae, vol. 3, pp. 133–181, 1922.
View at: Google Scholar
T. L. Hicks, “Fixed point theorems for quasimetric spaces,” Mathematica Japonica, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 231–236, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
B. S. Choudhury and N. Metiya, “Coincidence point and fixed point theorems in ordered cone metric spaces,” Journal of Advanced Mathematical Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 20–31, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. O. Olatinwo and M. Postolache, “Stability results of Jungck-type iterative processes in convex metric spaces,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 218, no. 12, pp. 6727–6732, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
H. Aydi, W. Shatanawi, M. Postolache, Z. Mustafa, and N. Tahat, “Theorems for Boyd-Wong-type contractions in ordered metric spaces,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2012, Article ID 359054, 14 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
H. Aydi, E. Karapinar, and M. Postolache, “Tripled coincidence point theorems for weak $φ$ -contractions in partially ordered metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2012, article 44, 12 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
S. Chandok and M. Postolache, “Fixed point theorem for weakly Chatterjea-type cyclic contractions,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 28, 9 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
B. S. Choudhury, N. Metiya, and M. Postolache, “A generalized weak contraction principle with applications to coupled coincidence point problems,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 152, 21 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
W. Shatanawi and M. Postolache, “Common fixed point results for mappings under nonlinear contraction of cyclic form in ordered metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 60, 13 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
W. Shatanawi and M. Postolache, “Common fixed point theorems for dominating and weakannihilator mappings in ordered metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 271, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Aydi, M. Postolache, and W. Shatanawi, “Coupled fixed point results for $(ψ, ϕ)$ -weakly contractive mappings in ordered $G$ -metric spaces,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 298–309, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
S. Chandok, Z. Mustafa, and M. Postolache, “Coupled common fixed point theorems for mixed g-monotone mappings in partially ordered G-metric spaces,” University Politehnica of Bucharest Scientific Bulletin Series A, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 11–24, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Shatanawi and M. Postolache, “Some fixed-point results for a $G$ -weak contraction in $G$ -metric spaces,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2012, Article ID 815870, 19 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
W. Shatanawi and A. Pitea, “Fixed and coupled fixed point theorems of omega-distance for nonlinear contraction,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 275, 16 pages, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Shatanawi and A. Pitea, “Omega-distance and coupled fixed point in G-metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 208, 15 pages, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Aydi, “Fixed point results for weakly contractive mappings in ordered partial metric spaces,” Journal of Advanced Mathematical Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
W. Shatanawi and M. Postolache, “Coincidence and fixed point results for generalized weak contractions in the sense of Berinde on partial metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 54, 17 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
W. Shatanawi and A. Pitea, “Some coupled fixed point theorems in quasi-partial metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 153, 15 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Grabiec, “Fixed points in fuzzy metric spaces,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 385–389, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
K. Menger, “Statistical metrics,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 28, pp. 535–537, 1942.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
R. H. Haghi, M. Postolache, and Sh. Rezapour, “On T-stability of the Picard iteration for generalized $φ$ -contraction mappings,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2012, Article ID 658971, 7 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. A. Miandaragh, M. Postolache, and Sh. Rezapour, “Some approximate fixed point results for generalized $α$ -contractive mappings,” Scientific Bulletin A, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 3–10, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. A. Miandaragh, M. Postolache, and Sh. Rezapour, “Approximate fixed points of generalized convex contractions,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 255, 8 pages, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
S. G. Matthews, “Partial metric topology,” in Proceedings of the 8th Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications, vol. 728 of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 183–197, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
C. D. Bari and P. Vetro, “Fixed points for weak $φ$ -contractions on partial metric spaces,” International Journal of Engineering, Contemporary Mathematics and Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 5–13, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Paesano and P. Vetro, “Suzuki's type characterizations of completeness for partial metric spaces and fixed points for partially ordered metric spaces,” Topology and its Applications, vol. 159, no. 3, pp. 911–920, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
L. J. Ćirić, B. Samet, H. Aydi, and C. Vetro, “Common fixed points of generalized contractions on partial metric spaces and an application,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 218, no. 6, pp. 2398–2406, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
R. Heckmann, “Approximation of metric spaces by partial metric spaces,” Applied Categorical Structures, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 71–83, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
S. Romaguera, “A Kirk type characterization of completeness for partial metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2010, Article ID 493298, 6 pages, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
S. Romaguera and O. Valero, “A quantitative computational model for complete partial metric spaces via formal balls,” Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 541–563, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. P. Schellekens, “The correspondence between partial metrics and semivaluations,” Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 315, no. 1, pp. 135–149, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
R. H. Haghi, Sh. Rezapour, and N. Shahzad, “Be careful on partial metric fixed point results,” Topology and its Applications, vol. 160, no. 3, pp. 450–454, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. Jleli, E. Karapınar, and B. Samet, “Further remarks on fixed-point theorems in the context of partial metric spaces,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2013, Article ID 715456, 6 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
B. Samet, C. Vetro, and F. Vetro, “From metric spaces to partial metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 5, 11 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
H. K. Nashine and Z. Kadelburg, “Cyclic contractions and fixed point results via control functions on partial metric spaces,” International Journal of Analysis, vol. 2013, Article ID 726387, 9 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
H. K. Nashine, Z. Kadelburg, and S. Radenović, “Fixed point theorems via various cyclic contractive conditions in partial metric spaces,” De L'Institut Mathematique, vol. 93, no. 107, pp. 69–93, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
H. Aydi, M. Abbas, and C. Vetro, “Partial Hausdorff metric and Nadler's fixed point theorem on partial metric spaces,” Topology and its Applications, vol. 159, no. 14, pp. 3234–3242, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
Y. Feng and S. Liu, “Fixed point theorems for multi-valued contractive mappings and multi-valued Caristi type mappings,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 317, no. 1, pp. 103–112, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
D. Klim and D. Wardowski, “Fixed point theorems for set-valued contractions in complete metric spaces,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 334, no. 1, pp. 132–139, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
A. Latif and A. A. N. Abdou, “Fixed point results for generalized contractive multimaps in metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2009, Article ID 432130, 16 pages, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
A. Nicolae, “Fixed point theorems for multi-valued mappings of Feng-Liu type,” Fixed Point Theory, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 145–154, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
I. Altun and H. Simsek, “Some fixed point theorems on dualistic partial metric spaces,” Journal of Advanced Mathematical Studies, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 1–8, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. Abbas and T. Nazir, “Common fixed point of a power graphic contraction pair in partial metric spaces endowed with a graph,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 20, 8 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Abbas and T. Nazir, “Fixed point of generalized weakly contractive mappings in ordered partial metric spaces,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2012, article 1, 19 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. A. Bukatin and S. Y. Shorina, “Partial metrics and co-continuous valuations,” in Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structure, M. Nivat et al., Ed., vol. 1378 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 125–139, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. Berinde and V. Berinde, “On a general class of multi-valued weakly Picard mappings,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 326, no. 2, pp. 772–782, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
Y. J. Cho, S. Hirunworakit, and N. Petrot, “Set-valued fixed-point theorems for generalized contractive mappings without the Hausdorff metric,” Applied Mathematics Letters, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1959–1967, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
L. \'Cirić, “Fixed point theorems for multi-valued contractions in complete metric spaces,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 348, no. 1, pp. 499–507, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
S. B. Nadler, Jr., “Multi-valued contraction mappings,” Pacific Journal of Mathematics, vol. 30, pp. 475–488, 1969.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
R. Baskaran and P. V. Subrahmanyam, “A note on the solution of a class of functional equations,” Applicable Analysis, vol. 22, no. 3-4, pp. 235–241, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
R. Bellman and E. S. Lee, “Functional equations in dynamic programming,” Aequationes Mathematicae, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 1978.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
P. C. Bhakta and S. Mitra, “Some existence theorems for functional equations arising in dynamic programming,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 348–362, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH | MathSciNet
M. Abbas and B. Ali, “Fixed point of Suzuki-Zamfirescu hybrid contractions in partial metric spaces via partial Hausdorff metric,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2013, article 21, 16 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Abdul Rahim Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1436

Downloads

1557

Citations