Research Article
Reducing Runoff Loss of Applied Nutrients in Oil Palm Cultivation Using Controlled-Release Fertilizers
Table 3
Summary of net nutrient loss in oil palm ecosystem through surface runoff and eroded sediments.
| Fertilizer treatments | Net loss in runoff (kg ha−1 yr−1) | Net loss in eroded sediments (kg ha−1 yr−1) | Net total loss (kg ha−1 yr−1) | Net loss as % of nutrient applied |
| | Nitrogen (N) | Control | 1.20c ± 0.04 | 0.17c ± 0.01 | 1.37c | — | Mixture | 3.85a ± 0.22 | 0.93a ± 0.27 | 4.78a | 6.97 | CRFB-60% | 1.33bc ± 0.02 | 0.40ab ± 0.24 | 1.73bc | 0.75 | CRFG-60% | 1.39bc ± 0.24 | 0.39ab ± 0.20 | 1.78bc | 0.84 | CRFB-100% | 1.81b ± 0.26 | 0.41ab ± 0.12 | 2.22b | 1.74 | CRFG-100% | 1.98b ± 0.30 | 0.58ab ± 0.16 | 2.56b | 2.44 |
| | Phosphorus (P) | Control | 0.40cb ± 0.16 | 0.12b ± 0.01 | 0.52b | — | Mixture | 0.70ab ± 0.09 | 0.30a ± 0.07 | 1.00a | 3.74 | CRFB-60% | 0.45b ± 0.14 | 0.24ab ± 0.05 | 0.69ab | 1.31 | CRFG-60% | 0.49b ± 0.01 | 0.29a ± 0.03 | 0.78ab | 2.02 | CRFB-100% | 0.64ab ± 0.03 | 0.31a ± 0.02 | 0.95a | 3.28 | CRFG-100% | 0.92a ± 0.19 | 0.15b ± 0.06 | 1.07a | 4.22 |
| | Potassium (K) | Control | 3. 70c ± 0.17 | 0. 45c ± 0.11 | 3.70c | — | Mixture | 12.48a ± 0.87 | 2.14a ± 0.37 | 14.62a | 13.37 | CRFB-60% | 5.56b ± 0.13 | 1.08b ± 0.21 | 6.64b | 3.60 | CRFG-60% | 5.35b ± 0.17 | 1.25b ± 0.37 | 6.60b | 3.55 | CRFB-100% | 5.96b ± 0.16 | 1.32b ± 0.17 | 7.28b | 4.38 | CRFG-100% | 6.83b ± 0.35 | 1.03b ± 0.23 | 7.86b | 5.09 |
| | Magnesium (Mg) | Control | 0.51b ± 0.04 | 0.11c ± 0.02 | 0.62c | — | Mixture | 1.20a ± 0.14 | 0.28a ± 0.05 | 1.48a | 14.76 | CRFB-60% | 0.70ab ± 0.08 | 0.19ab ± 0.04 | 0.89b | 4.72 | CRFG-60% | 0.58b ± 0.03 | 0.29a ± 0.10 | 0.87b | 4.35 | CRFB-100% | 0.76ab ± 0.07 | 0.17ab ± 0.02 | 0.93b | 5.43 | CRFG-100% | 0.68ab ± 0.02 | 0.21ab ± 0.09 | 0.89b | 4.65 |
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All analyses are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Means not sharing a common letter are significantly different by DNMRT ().
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