Reducing Runoff Loss of Applied Nutrients in Oil Palm Cultivation Using Controlled-Release Fertilizers

Table 3

Summary of net nutrient loss in oil palm ecosystem through surface runoff and eroded sediments.

Fertilizer treatments	Net loss in runoff; (kg ha^−1 yr^−1)	Net loss in eroded sediments; (kg ha^−1 yr^−1)	Net total loss; (kg ha^−1 yr^−1)	Net loss as % of nutrient applied
	Nitrogen (N)
Control	1.20^c ± 0.04	0.17^c ± 0.01	1.37^c	—
Mixture	3.85^a ± 0.22	0.93^a ± 0.27	4.78^a	6.97
CRFB-60%	1.33^bc ± 0.02	0.40^ab ± 0.24	1.73^bc	0.75
CRFG-60%	1.39^bc ± 0.24	0.39^ab ± 0.20	1.78^bc	0.84
CRFB-100%	1.81^b ± 0.26	0.41^ab ± 0.12	2.22^b	1.74
CRFG-100%	1.98^b ± 0.30	0.58^ab ± 0.16	2.56^b	2.44
	Phosphorus (P)
Control	0.40^cb ± 0.16	0.12^b ± 0.01	0.52^b	—
Mixture	0.70^ab ± 0.09	0.30^a ± 0.07	1.00^a	3.74
CRFB-60%	0.45^b ± 0.14	0.24^ab ± 0.05	0.69^ab	1.31
CRFG-60%	0.49^b ± 0.01	0.29^a ± 0.03	0.78^ab	2.02
CRFB-100%	0.64^ab ± 0.03	0.31^a ± 0.02	0.95^a	3.28
CRFG-100%	0.92^a ± 0.19	0.15^b ± 0.06	1.07^a	4.22
	Potassium (K)
Control	3. 70^c ± 0.17	0. 45^c ± 0.11	3.70^c	—
Mixture	12.48^a ± 0.87	2.14^a ± 0.37	14.62^a	13.37
CRFB-60%	5.56^b ± 0.13	1.08^b ± 0.21	6.64^b	3.60
CRFG-60%	5.35^b ± 0.17	1.25^b ± 0.37	6.60^b	3.55
CRFB-100%	5.96^b ± 0.16	1.32^b ± 0.17	7.28^b	4.38
CRFG-100%	6.83^b ± 0.35	1.03^b ± 0.23	7.86^b	5.09
	Magnesium (Mg)
Control	0.51^b ± 0.04	0.11^c ± 0.02	0.62^c	—
Mixture	1.20^a ± 0.14	0.28^a ± 0.05	1.48^a	14.76
CRFB-60%	0.70^ab ± 0.08	0.19^ab ± 0.04	0.89^b	4.72
CRFG-60%	0.58^b ± 0.03	0.29^a ± 0.10	0.87^b	4.35
CRFB-100%	0.76^ab ± 0.07	0.17^ab ± 0.02	0.93^b	5.43
CRFG-100%	0.68^ab ± 0.02	0.21^ab ± 0.09	0.89^b	4.65

All analyses are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Means not sharing a common letter are significantly different by DNMRT ().