| | Activity/effect/use | References |
| | Hypoglycemic effect | [141] | | Effect against dengue parasite | [142, 143] | | Antitrypanosomal activity | [144, 145] | | Cytotoxic activity | [29, 146] | | Anticancer activity | [122, 147] | | Antioxidant activity | [145, 148, 149] | | Muscle relaxant activity | [150] | | Depolarization of neuromuscular junction in rats | [122] | | Hypotensive response in dogs | [122] | | Ovicidal for pathogenic insects | [151] | | Cardiac depressant effect in rats | [122] | | Antibacterial activity | [124, 125, 152] | | Antifungal activity | [124, 125, 152] | | Antiviral activity, for example, against Potato virusY | [122] | | Antiamoebic activity | [5, 122] | | Antifeedant activity | [153] | | Repellent activity against flea and other insects | [154, 155] | | Nematicidal activity | [153, 156, 157] | | Spermicidal activity | [158] | | Anti-inflammatory activity | [29, 148] | | CNS depressant activity | [29, 159] | | Thrombolytic activity (useful in migraine treatment) | [29, 146] | | Antimalarial | [5, 29, 122] | | Mutagenic effect on bacteria and eukaryotic (mouse) leucocytes | [29] | | Menstrual stimulator in females (emmenagogue) | [124, 154] | | Folk remedy against skin diseases, wounds, ulcerated sores, facial neuralgia, fever, malaria, urinary tract infections, dysentery, eczema, anaemia, heart trouble, and gynaecological ailments | [122, 124, 160, 161] | | Analgesic in muscular rheumatism | [29, 154] | | Vermifuge to eliminate helminthes | [154] | | Used as spices in several parts of the world | [5] | | Useful as low cost substrate for xylanase production | [162] | | Oxalic acid production | [163] | | Edible protein (biological value for rats) | [164] | | Animal feed additive after ensilage | [165] |
|
|
