Table 5: Test results of single and modular ANN-based fault distance locator.

Fault type Fault inception angle (°) Fault resistance () Fault location (km) Output of single ANN- based FDL (km) Output of modular ANN-based FDL (km) % Error of single ANN-based FDL    × 100% % Error of modular ANN-based FDL    × 100% A1N 45 80 67 64.470 66.95 2.53 0.05 A2N 90 90 77 76.447 57.111 0.553 −0.111 B1N 135 0 5 4.9724 4.8895 0.0276 0.1105 B2N 270 80 89 88.624 88.681 0.376 0.319 C1N 360 95 95 92.405 94.604 2.595 0.396 C2N 180 70 38 35.449 38.385 2.551 −0.385 A1B1 270 — 83 83.020 83.25 −0.02 −0.25 A2B2 0 — 15 15.066 15.009 −0.066 −0.009 B1C1 0 — 76 75.049 75.894 0.951 0.106 B2C2 135 — 90 89.490 89.977 0.51 0.023 C1A1 90 — 22 22.144 22.134 −0.144 −0.134 C2A2 225 — 59 58.762 58.984 0.238 0.016 A1B1N 135 30 85 82.955 83.799 2.045 1.201 A2B2N 45 60 57 56.459 56.047 0.541 0.953 B1C1N 225 100 88 88.246 88.1006 −0.246 −0.1006 B2C2N 270 80 89 88.632 90.133 0.368 −1.133 C1A1N 225 30 58 50.838 57.047 7.162 0.953 C2A2N 90 40 24 20.105 25.362 3.895 −1.362 A1B1C1 225 — 33 33.757 32.952 −0.757 0.048 A2B2C2 360 — 85 86.973 85.136 −1.973 −0.136