Artificial Neural Network-Based Fault Distance Locator for Double-Circuit Transmission Lines

Table 5

Test results of single and modular ANN-based fault distance locator.

Fault; type	Fault inception; angle Φ𝑖 (°)	Fault resistance; 𝑅𝑓 (Ω)	Fault location; 𝐿𝑓 (km)	Output of single ANN-; based FDL 𝐿𝑒 (km)	Output of modular; ANN-based FDL; 𝐿𝑒 (km)	% Error of single; ANN-based FDL; 𝑒=((𝐿𝑓−𝐿𝑒)/𝐿𝑓); × 100%	% Error of modular; ANN-based FDL; 𝑒=((𝐿𝑓−𝐿𝑒)/𝐿𝑓); × 100%
A1N	45	80	67	64.470	66.95	2.53	0.05
A2N	90	90	77	76.447	57.111	0.553	−0.111
B1N	135	0	5	4.9724	4.8895	0.0276	0.1105
B2N	270	80	89	88.624	88.681	0.376	0.319
C1N	360	95	95	92.405	94.604	2.595	0.396
C2N	180	70	38	35.449	38.385	2.551	−0.385
A1B1	270	—	83	83.020	83.25	−0.02	−0.25
A2B2	0	—	15	15.066	15.009	−0.066	−0.009
B1C1	0	—	76	75.049	75.894	0.951	0.106
B2C2	135	—	90	89.490	89.977	0.51	0.023
C1A1	90	—	22	22.144	22.134	−0.144	−0.134
C2A2	225	—	59	58.762	58.984	0.238	0.016
A1B1N	135	30	85	82.955	83.799	2.045	1.201
A2B2N	45	60	57	56.459	56.047	0.541	0.953
B1C1N	225	100	88	88.246	88.1006	−0.246	−0.1006
B2C2N	270	80	89	88.632	90.133	0.368	−1.133
C1A1N	225	30	58	50.838	57.047	7.162	0.953
C2A2N	90	40	24	20.105	25.362	3.895	−1.362
A1B1C1	225	—	33	33.757	32.952	−0.757	0.048
A2B2C2	360	—	85	86.973	85.136	−1.973	−0.136