Advances in Artificial Intelligence

Research Article

Artificial-Intelligence-Based Techniques to Evaluate Switching Overvoltages during Power System Restoration

Table 3

Some sample testing data and output for LM algorithm.


Transformer energization

V	L.L.			V _PSB	V _LM		T _PSB	T _LM

0.9314	155			1.3252	1.3684	3.2576	0.1264	0.1237	2.1682
0.9668	182			1.4577	1.4324	1.7386	0.3819	0.3644	4.5937
0.9812	200			1.5031	1.4807	1.4928	0.3285	0.3378	2.8406
1.0435	215			1.6602	1.6498	0.6239	0.5094	0.5143	0.9571
1.0752	237			1.8535	1.9076	2.9175	0.6673	0.6438	3.5194
1.1373	256			1.9892	1.9396	2.4916	0.5961	0.6039	1.3058
1.1781	288			2.0545	2.0879	1.6271	0.7105	0.7197	1.2935
1.2098	310			2.0361	2.0934	2.8132	0.9254	0.9457	2.1962

Shunt reactor energization

V	L.L.	S.R.		V _PSB	V _LM		T _PSB	T _LM

1.1442	150	70		1.5011	1.4497	3.4218	0.1936	0.1904	1.6459
1.1561	165	45		1.5453	1.5857	2.6149	0.2375	0.2351	1.0246
1.2302	178	30		1.6769	1.7241	2.8137	0.3469	0.3628	4.5728
1.2514	200	30		1.7481	1.7194	1.6424	0.3952	0.4043	2.3071
1.3326	215	23		1.9507	2.0117	3.1295	0.5104	0.5195	1.7915
1.3326	215	17		1.9914	1.9749	0.8261	0.5536	0.5571	0.6248
1.4165	230	17		2.1652	2.1759	0.4936	0.6742	0.6594	2.1963
1.4327	242	10		2.2479	2.2172	1.3674	0.7593	0.7395	2.6134

Transmission line energization

V	L.L.	S.R.	S.A.	V _PSB	V _LM		T _PSB	T _LM

0.9491	375	40	30	2.3508	2.4024	2.1962	0.3652	0.3704	1.4328
0.9127	240	40	30	2.2769	2.2328	1.9381	0.3107	0.3159	1.6649
0.9973	240	55	60	2.3016	2.3849	3.6172	0.3496	0.3458	1.0793
0.9754	195	12	75	2.3882	2.4523	2.6835	0.4073	0.4034	0.9458
1.0719	315	23	15	2.4195	2.4071	0.5124	0.4217	0.4257	0.9426
1.0592	282	45	5	2.3725	2.3413	1.3157	0.3846	0.3948	2.6419
1.0946	137	63	45	2.3596	2.3902	1.2984	0.3378	0.3424	1.3674
1.1123	346	10	53	2.8537	2.7944	2.0791	0.5449	0.5543	1.7204

V: voltage at power component bus before switching (p.u.), L.L.: line length (km), S.R.: shunt reactor capacity (MVAR), S.A.: switching angle (deg.), V _PSB: overvoltage peak calculated by PSB (p.u.), V _LM: overvoltage peak calculated by LM (p.u.), T _PSB: overvoltage duration calculated by PSB (s), T _LM: overvoltage duration calculated by LM (s), : voltage error (%), and : duration time error (%).