Research Article

Neural Virtual Sensors for Adaptive Magnetic Localization of Autonomous Dataloggers

Table 7

Results after D2D mapping using advanced algorithms as described in Section 2.3. The parameter settings can be found in Figure 6. The results are a mean of five runs.

Error Brew data ISEL1 data HMI data
GD SA PSO ML GD SA PSO ML GD SA PSO ML

Results for D2D [Rbf] train + test data set in [cm]
Loc. error 3.72 4.02 3.2 3.52 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.9 3.0 2.96 2.67 2.86
% 1.0 1.08 0.86 0.95 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.32 4.92 4.85 4.38 4.69
Loc. error 3.1 3.01 3.25 4.13 0.7 0.66 0.67 0.8 3.33 3.22 3.27 3.44
% 0.83 0.81 0.87 1.11 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.29 5.46 5.28 5.36 5.64
Loc. error max 18.71 18.73 18.98 37.04 3.83 3.89 3.97 5.04 20.33 20.65 20.32 21.18
% 5.03 5.03 5.1 9.96 1.38 1.4 1.43 1.82 33.33 33.85 33.31 34.72

Results for D2D [Rbf] test data set in [cm]
Loc. error 5.15 5.32 4.73 5.14 1.58 1.58 1.61 1.76 4.6 4.59 4.27 4.54
% 1.38 1.43 1.27 1.38 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.64 7.54 7.52 7.0 7.44
Loc. error 3.54 3.51 3.74 4.35 0.93 0.94 0.89 1.2 4.21 4.06 4.15 4.29
% 0.95 0.94 1.01 1.17 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.43 6.9 6.66 6.8 7.03
Loc. error max 18.71 18.73 18.98 32.15 3.67 3.73 3.76 4.94 20.33 20.65 20.32 21.18
% 5.03 5.03 5.1 8.64 1.32 1.35 1.36 1.78 33.33 33.85 33.31 34.72

Results for D2D [SVR] train + test data set in [cm]
Loc. error 3.73 3.85 3.01 3.51 0.8 0.89 0.76 0.84 2.42 2.48 2.28 2.21
% 1.0 1.03 0.81 0.94 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.3 3.97 4.07 3.74 3.62
Loc. error 3.2 2.99 3.41 4.46 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.65 3.14 3.13 3.25 3.29
% 0.86 0.8 0.92 1.2 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.23 5.15 5.13 5.33 5.39
Loc. error max 17.98 18.98 18.52 35.62 2.92 2.91 3.07 3.14 20.26 20.62 20.54 21.41
% 4.83 5.1 4.98 9.58 1.05 1.05 1.11 1.13 33.21 33.8 33.67 35.1

Results for D2D [SVR] test data set in [cm]
Loc. error 5.26 4.97 4.76 5.61 0.78 0.89 0.74 0.81 4.19 4.25 4.18 4.22
% 1.41 1.34 1.28 1.51 0.28 0.32 0.27 0.29 6.87 6.97 6.85 6.92
Loc. error 3.67 3.62 3.82 4.51 0.52 0.52 0.5 0.64 3.88 3.87 3.95 3.89
% 0.99 0.97 1.03 1.21 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.23 6.36 6.34 6.48 6.38
Loc. error max 17.98 18.98 18.52 23.83 2.92 2.91 3.07 3.14 20.26 20.62 20.54 21.41
% 4.83 5.1 4.98 6.41 1.05 1.05 1.11 1.13 33.21 33.8 33.67 35.1