The Basis of Muscle Regeneration

Table 2

Characteristics of macrophage subtypes.

Subset of macrophages	Factors driving macrophages polarization	Molecules expressed by polarized macrophages	Functional properties of polarized macrophages
M1	IFN-𝛾 + LPS, TNF𝛼	TLR2, TLR4, CD16, CD32, CD64, CD80, CD86, IL-12, IL-23, TNF-𝛼, IL-1, IL-6, Type I IFN, IL-1RI, IL-15Ra, IL-7R, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL16, CCR7, COX2, iNOS, and miR-26-2	Proinflammatory properties, phagocytosis, and cytotoxic and antitumoral properties
M2a	IL-4, IL-13	CD163, CD23, CD302, CD209, IL-10 Decoy IL-1RII, CCL17, CCL22, CCL24, CXCR1, CXCR2, miR-193b, and miR-222	Anti-inflammatory properties and immunoregulatory functions drive type II responses
M2b	IC + TLR	CD163, IL-10, CCL1, miR-27a, miR-222, miR29b-1, and miR-132	Anti-inflammatory properties and immunoregulatory functions drive type II responses
M2c	IL-10	CD163, scavenger receptor A and B, CD14, CCR2, CCL16, CCL18, CXCL13, CD204, and CD206	Suppression of immune responses and tissue remodeling

IC: immune complexes; IFN-g: interferon-g; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TLR: toll-like receptor; COX2: cyclooxygenase 2; TNF𝛼: tumour necrosis factor; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; Interleukin-: IL-.