Research Article

Kinematics of the Normal Knee during Dynamic Activities: A Synthesis of Data from Intracortical Pins and Biplane Imaging

Table 1

Overview of the selected studies: dynamic activities, gold standard measurement methods, subject characteristics, and conventions used for kinematic processing.

Dynamic activityAuthor(s)YearGold standard
measurement method
Subject characteristicsConvention used for kinematic processing

WalkingLafortune et al.1992Intracortical pins5 healthy males (27.2 years, 180.6 cm, 75.2 kg)Lafortune
Benoit et al.2006Intracortical pins1 healthy male (32 years, 171 cm, 86 kg)Lafortune
20076 healthy males (26 ± 4.7 years, 176.6 ± 4 cm, 76.3 ± 12.3 kg)
Kozanek et al.2009Biplane fluoroscopy6 healthy males, 2 healthy females (32–49 years)Tashman
Li et al.2009Biplane fluoroscopy1 healthy male (45 years)Tashman
Farrokhi et al.2012High-speed stereoradiography with
bone-implanted radio-opaque markers
6 males, 6 females (70.2 ± 8 years, 173.3 ± 12.8 cm,
76.7 ± 20.3 kg), healthy (control group)
Tashman

Drop landingTorry et al.2011Biplane fluoroscopy6 males (34.1 ± 7.9 years, 185 ± 5 cm, 85.1 ± 7.3 kg),
recreational athletes
Tashman

HoppingBeillas et al.2004High-speed stereoradiography with
bone-implanted radio-opaque markers
1 male (30 years, 172 cm, 75 kg), contralateral knee
of unilateral ACL rupture
Tashman
Deneweth et al.2010High-speed stereoradiography with bone-implanted radio-opaque markers6 males, 3 females (28.8 ± 12.8 years, 174.5 ± 8.9 cm, 77 ± 10 kg),
contralateral knee of unilateral ACL rupture, recreational athlete
Tashman

Stair ascendingKozanek et al.2011Biplane fluoroscopy11 females, 19 males (36 years, 82 kg, 175 cm), contralateral
knee of unilateral ACL rupture
Tashman
Li et al.2012High-speed stereoradiography with
bone-implanted radio-opaque markers
10 subjects, gender not detailed (21.7 ± 3.6 years, 178.9 ± 8.5 cm, 78.4 ± 17.2 kg), contralateral knee of unilateral grade II PCL injuryTashman

RunningReinschmidt1996Intracortical pins3 males (27.7 ± 2.1 years, 1.88 ± 0.10 m, 85.5 ± 9.6 kg), injury freeLafortune
Tashman et al.2004High-speed stereoradiography with
bone-implanted radio-opaque markers
4 females, 2 males (39.6 ± 8.2 years), contralateral knee of ACL
reconstruction (4 to 12 months after surgery)
Tashman
20076 females, 10 males (35.4 ± 7.1 years) contralateral knee of ACL
reconstruction (1 year after surgery)
Li et al.2012High-speed stereoradiography with
bone-implanted radio-opaque markers
10 subjects, gender not detailed (21.7 ± 3.6 years, 178.9 ± 8.5 cm,
78.4 ± 17.2 kg), contralateral knee of unilateral grade II PCL injury
Tashman

CuttingBenoit et al.2006Intracortical pins1 healthy male (32 years, 171 cm, 86 kg)Lafortune
Miranda et al.2013Biplane fluoroscopy1 typical subject among 5 males and 5 females (25 ± 5.5 years,
1.73 ± 0.10 m, 73.17 ± 10.15 kg), recreational athletes
Other