Stability Evaluation of Volcanic Slope Subjected to Rainfall and Freeze-Thaw Action Based on Field Monitoring

Table 1

Specifications of monitoring instruments.

Monitoring instruments	Specifications	Symbols (unit)
(1) Soil moisture meter	Precision: ±0.003% vol, Reading Range: Oven dry to saturation	θ (%)
(2) Tensiometer	Precision: 0.5% FS, temperature/humidity: −10 to 80°C (ice-free)/35 to 85% RH	P (kPa)
(3) Thermometer	Class A, ±(0.15 + 0.002 t)°C	𝑇𝐴, 𝑇𝐺 (°C)
(4) Clinometer	Precision: ±10 deg, (multiple inclination transducer: 7-layers)	(mm)
(5) Settlement gauge	Reading range: 0 to 100 mm, temperature: −10 to 70°C	S (mm)
(6) Anemovane	Precision: 0.3 m/s ± 3 deg, reading range: 0 to 100 m/s	(m/s)
(7) Snow gauge	Precision: ±10 mm or 0.4% FS, reading range: 0.5 to 10 m	(mm)
(8) Rainfall gauge	Precision: ±0.5 mm, reading range: 20 mm	(mm/min)

θ: water content by volume, P: pore pressure, 𝑇_𝐴 and 𝑇_𝐺: temperatures in the air and in the slope, S: settlement.