Effect of Reduced 𝑘₀ Zone on Time-Dependent Analysis of Tunnels

Table 1

The soil parameters of the analyzed section of the proposed Baghdad metro line.

Type of soil	Modulus of elasticity (𝐸) (kPa)	Poisson’s ratio (𝜈)	Unit weight (𝛾) (kN/m^3)	Permeability 𝑘𝑥=𝑘𝑦 (m/day)
Silty clay	80000	0.333	19.5	8.64×10^−6
Sandy to silty sand	180000	0.263	19.7	Drained
Sand	150000	0.284	20.0	Drained