Pile Group Protection with Riprap Mattress

Figure 8

Canonical and live-bed results for the single pier compared with the expression by Melville et al. [25] upper and lower limits (dashed line). 𝐼=1.3 no fail (black squares); 𝐼=1.3 fail (+); 𝐼=1 no fail (circles); 𝐼=1 fail (crossed).