|
| Author(s) | Soil-optimum waste combination | Major geotechnical properties tested | Effect of stabilization with stabilizer only | Effect of stabilization with stabilizer & additive |
|
| Ji-ru and Xing [22] | Expansive soil + 4–6% of lime + 40–50% of FA | CBR | 26.5%–129.3% | 119.3–122.8% |
| Swelling capacity | 0–5.70% | 0.008–0.02% |
|
| Sharma et al. [26] | Low plastic clay + 20% FA + 8.5% lime | UCC strength | 63.38 kPa | 105.2 kPa |
| CBR | 4.03% | 5.7% |
|
| Mishra [27] | Clayey soil + 3% lime + 30% FA | CBR | 22.3% | 55.8% |
|
| Mccarthy et al. [28] | Sulphate bearing soil + 3% lime + 24% FA | UCC strength | ~1.1 MPa | 2.2 MPa |
| Immediate bearing index | ~16% | 31% |
| Sulphate bearing soil + 3% lime + 9% GGBS | UCC strength | ~1.1 MPa | 1.9 MPa |
| Immediate bearing index | ~16% | 36% |
|
| Kolay et al. [29] | Peat soil + 6% quicklime + 15% FA | UCC strength | ~70 kPa | ~90 kPa |
|
| Shah et al. [30] | Contaminated soil + 10% lime + 5% cement + 5% FA | UCC strength | 105.91 kPa | 138.28 kPa |
|
| Wang et al. [31] | Marine sediments + 3% lime + 3% FA | UCC strength | ~0.8 MPa | ~1.1 MPa |
| Marine sediments + 6% cement + 3% FA | UCC strength | ~2.1 MPa | ~1.7 MPa |
|
| Bhuvaneshwari et al. [32] | Dispersive clay + 2% lime + 15% FA | % dispersion (free swell) | 400% | ~420% |
| % dispersion (double hydrometer) | 9.5% | 1% |
|
| Bagheri et al. [33] | Silty sand + 10% cement-lime-RHA (25 : 50 : 25) | UCC strength | ~550 kPa | ~600 kPa |
| Triaxial shear | | |
| (i) Cohesion | 99.7 kPa | 108.8 kPa |
| (ii) Friction | 30.66° | 34.22° |
|
| Basha et al. [34] | Residual soil + 6–8% cement + 15–20% RHA | UCC strength | ~0.32 MPa | 1.2 MPa |
| CBR | 6% | ~52% |
|
| James et al. [35] | Black cotton soil + 12% RHA + 6% lime | Swell-shrink | | |
| (i) Shrinkage limit | ~15% | ~23% |
| (ii) Free swell | ~60% | ~32% |
|
| Jha and Gill [36] | Local soil + 5–7% lime + 12% RHA | UCC strength | 0.8 MPa | 1.4 MPa |
| Soaked CBR | ~33% | ~35% |
|
| Choobbasti et al. [37] | Soil + 4% lime + 5% RHA | Direct shear | | |
| (i) Cohesion | ~65 kPa | ~170 kPa |
| (ii) Friction angle | 45° | 49° |
| Soaked CBR | 31% | 49% |
|
| Muntohar et al. [38] | Silty soil + 12% lime + 12% RHA + 0.4% fibres | Compressive strength | 112 kPa | 228 kPa |
| Split tensile strength | 5.3 kPa | 35.3 kPa |
| Soaked CBR | 22% | 40% |
|
| Sharma et al. [39] | Soil + 4% lime + 12% RHA | UCC strength | 650 kPa | 1180 kPa |
| CBR | 6% | 23% |
| Soil + 1% calcium chloride + 12% RHA | UCC strength | 415 kPa | 856 kPa |
| CBR | 4.6% | 9.25% |
|
| Roy [40] | Soil + 6% cement + 10% RHA | UCC strength | 70 kPa | ~135 kPa |
| CBR | ~1.4% | ~3% |
|
| Olgun [41] | Expansive soil + ~6.5% lime + ~15% RHA + ~0.8% fibres | UCC strength | 0.77 MPa | 0.91 MPa |
| Swell pressure | 4 kPa | 2 kPa |
|
| Wild et al. [43] | Kimmeridge clay + 4% lime + 6% GGBS | UCC strength | ~2000 kPa | 3500 kPa |
|
| Celik and Nalbantoglu [44] | Highly plastic clay + 5% lime + 6% GGBS | Percent swell | ~8% | <1% |
|
| Obuzor et al. [45] | Lower Oxford Clay + 4% lime + 12% GGBS | Unsoaked UCC strength | ~1500–2000 kPa | ~3000–4800 kPa |
| Soaked UCC strength | ~500 kPa | ~2500–3400 kPa |
|
| Obuzor et al. [46] | Lower Oxford Clay + 4% lime + 12% GGBS | Water absorption | 4–12% | 2–6% |
| UCC strength | <500 kPa | ~1500–2000 kPa |
|
| Kogbara and Al-Tabbaa [47] | Contaminated soil + 20% lime-slag | UCC strength | | 800 kPa |
| Permeability | Data not reported | ~6 × 10−8 m/s |
| Contaminated soil + 20% cement-slag | UCC strength | 560 kPa |
| Permeability | | ~5 × 10−9 m/s |
|
| Vijayaraghavan et al. [48] | Mud + 25% cement + 50% slag | Compressive strength | 7.12 MPa | 8.3 MPa |
| Water absorption | 7.5% | 6.29% |
|
| Degirmenci et al. [49] | Soil + 7.5% cement + 7.5% PG | UCC strength | ~700 kPa | ~700 kPa |
|
| Kumar et al. [56] | Bentonite + 8% lime + 8% PG | UCC strength | ~600 kPa | ~850 kPa |
| CBR | 8.92% | 11.889% |
|
| Ghosh [57] | Pond ash + 10% lime + 1% PG | Unsoaked CBR | 161.67% | 221.78% |
| Soaked CBR | 145.7% | 216.65% |
|
| James and Pandian [58] | Expansive soil + 7% lime + 1% PG | UCC strength | 1881 kPa | 2251 kPa |
|
| Kumar and Dutta [59] | Bentonite + 8% lime + 8% PG + 1% sisal fibres | UCC strength | ~850 kPa | ~1150 kPa |
|
| Manikandan and Moganraj [64] | Expansive soil + 2-3% lime + 2–6% BA | UCC strength | 632 kPa | 990 kPa |
| Coefficient of consolidation | 7.62 × 10−3 cm2/min | 1.46 × 10−3 cm2/min |
|
| Alavéz-Ramírez et al. [65] | Soil + 10% lime + 10% BA | Compressive strength | 16.5 MPa | 21.3 MPa |
| Flexural strength | 1.12 MPa | 1.4 MPa |
| Soaked compressive strength | 5.55 MPa | 7.72 MPa |
|
| Sadeeq et al. [66] | Lateritic soil + 8% lime + 6% BA | UCC strength | 600 kPa | 698 kPa |
| Unsoaked CBR | 28% | 43% |
| Soaked CBR | 15% | 22% |
|
| Muazu [68, 69] | Lateritic soil + 4% cement + 8% BA | Cohesion | 60 kPa | 30 kPa |
| Angle of friction | 27° | 34° |
| Plasticity | 9.5% | 1% |
|
| Onyelowe [67] | Lateritic soil + 6% cement + 10% BA | CBR | 87.3% | 137.6% |
|
| Lima et al. [70] | Sandy soil + 6% cement + 8% BA | Compressive strength | 0.70 MPa | 1.54 MPa |
| Water absorption | 12.41% | 11.86% |
| Sandy soil + 12% cement + 8% BA | Compressive strength | 3.13 MPa | 2.89 MPa |
| Water absorption | 11.94% | 12.11% |
|
| Moayed et al. [71] | Saline silty sand + 2% lime + 1–3% micro silica | UCC strength | 526 kPa | 573 kPa |
| Soaked CBR | 92% | 114% |
|
| Kalkan [72] | Clayey soil + 4% lime + 16% micro silica | Compressive strength | 1.2 kPa | 12.2 kPa |
| CBR | 103% | 253% |
|
| Oza and Gundaliya [73] | Black cotton soil + 4.5% lime + 4.5% cement waste dust | Compressive strength | 10.91 MPa | 14.41 MPa |
|
| Ahmad et al. [74] | Peat soil + 20% cement + 10% palm oil fuel ash | UCC strength | ~90 kPa | ~125 kPa |
|
| Seco et al. [75] | Soil + 4% lime + 5% rice husk FA | UCC strength | 0.399 MPa | 1.572 MPa |
|
| Seco et al. [76] | Grey marl + 4% lime + 5% rice husk FA | UCC strength | ~0.53 MPa | ~2 MPa |
| CBR | 40% | 135% |
|
| Chen and Lin [77] | Soil + 16% sewage sludge ash – cement (4 : 1) | UCC strength | 100 kPa | 225 kPa |
| CBR | 12–15% | 65–85% |
|
| Rahmat and Ismail [78] | Lower Oxford Clay + 20% WSA-lime (90 : 10) | UCC strength | ~800 kPa | ~2300 kPa |
| Lower Oxford Clay + 20% WSA-cement (90 : 10) | UCC strength | ~500 kPa | ~2300 kPa |
|
| Lisbona et al. [79] | Soil + 3% cement + 1% CPS | UCC strength | 7.8 MPa | 9.8 MPa |
|
| James and Pandian [80] | Expansive soil + 7% lime + 2% PM | UCC strength | ~1500 kPa | ~2000 kPa |
| Expansive soil + 4% cement + 8% ceramic dust | UCC strength | 2000 kPa | 4000 kPa |
|
| Okonkwo et al. [82] | Lateritic soil + 8% cement + 10% egg shell ash | UCC strength | 655 kPa | 988 kPa |
| CBR | 82% | 93% |
|
