Design of Blast-Loaded Glazing Windows and Facades: A Review of Essential Requirements towards Standardization

Table 3

Mesh conformity recommendations for shell and solid elements (see also [16]).

Mesh	Description
Mesh uniformity	It is admitted that mesh is as homogenous as possible; in case of mesh size modification, size of two adjacent elements should not differ more than 1.5 times (ratio of element size)
Minimum number of integration points through the thickness of a shell element	In case of linear material model, three integration points may be sufficient; in case of nonlinear deformation, number of integration points should be seven or more; In case of layered structure, the number of integration points should follow previous rule per layer
Skewness measures the deviation of an element’s angles from 90° for quadrilateral elements and 60° for triangular elements	Quadrilateral: Triangular:
Warp; , : perpendiculars to the element surface of the triangles by cutting the quadrilateral; : angle between the perpendiculars; Measuring the deviation in an element face from a maximum allowable planar warp
Taper; : areas of the triangles by cutting the quadrilateral
Aspect ratio should be chosen as it is defined for the element type	The ratio of the maximum element edge length to the minimum length (it might also be the thickness)
Stretch: (example for triangular element); Stretch =; A: target, B: actual