The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

<div>Axial stress-axial strain and axial stress-lateral strain curves obtained from UCS testing of the calibrated FDEM model. Recording of stress-strain results ceased once the peak strength was achieved, as the UCS numerical model is used only for the calibration of the elastic parameters of the model.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 4

Figure 4: The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 

Figure 4 | The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 