- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Annual Issues
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Autoimmune Diseases
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 160830, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/160830
Theranostic Implications of Nanotechnology in Multiple Sclerosis: A Future Perspective
1Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, India
2Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Room 2145, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
3Department of Applied Sciences, Maharashtra Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D), Pune 412 105, India
4Centre for Vascular Disease, University of Ferrara, 41100 Ferrara, Italy
Received 9 August 2012; Accepted 9 November 2012
Academic Editor: Pietro Invernizzi
Copyright © 2012 Ajay Vikram Singh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- A. Comston and A. Coles, “Multiple sclerosis,” The Lancet, vol. 359, no. 9313, pp. 1221–1231, 2002.
- J. A. Bobholz and S. Gremley, “Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders,” The Little Black Book of Neuropsychology, pp. 647–661, 2011.
- K. J. Smith and W. I. McDonald, “The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis: the mechanisms underlying the production of symptoms and the natural history of the disease,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 354, no. 1390, pp. 1649–1673, 1999.
- M. Debouverie, S. Pittion-Vouyovitch, S. Louis, and F. Guillemin, “Natural history of multiple sclerosis in a population-based cohort,” European Journal of Neurology, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 916–921, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. A. Jones, S. L. Pohar, S. Warren, K. V. Turpin, and K. G. Warren, “The burden of multiple sclerosis: a community health survey,” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 6, article 1, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Manfredini, A. M. Malagoni, S. Mandini et al., “Near-infrared spectroscopy assessment following exercise training in patients with intermittent claudication and in untrained healthy participants,” Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 315–324, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- B. Hemmer, J. J. Archelos, and H. P. Hartung, “New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 291–301, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. B. Carrieri, M. Petracca, S. Montella, M. Delfino, C. Sepe, and A. Gattoni, “Multiple sclerosis and systemic sclerosis: efficacy of interferon beta on skin lesions,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 1192–1193, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Ascherio and K. L. Munger, “Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 288–299, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. D. Lublin and S. C. Reingold, “Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey,” Neurology, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 907–911, 1996. View at Scopus
- J. F. Kurtzke, “Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS),” Neurology, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1444–1452, 1983. View at Scopus
- G. A. Silva, “Neuroscience nanotechnology: progress, opportunities and challenges,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 65–74, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Orive, E. Anitua, J. L. Pedraz, and D. F. Emerich, “Biomaterials for promoting brain protection, repair and regeneration,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 682–692, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. N. Lin, Q. Liu, L. Song, F. F. Liu, and J. X. Sha, “Recent advances in nanotechnology based drug delivery to the brain,” Cytotechnology, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 377–380, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. R. Kanwar, X. Sun, V. Punj et al., “Nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological disorders: untamed dragon with fire power to heal,” Nanomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 399–414, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. A. Neuwelt, B. Bauer, C. Fahlke et al., “Engaging neuroscience to advance translational research in brain barrier biology,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 169–182, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. Srikanth and J. A. Kessler, “Nanotechnology—novel therapeutics for CNS disorders,” Nature Reviews Neurology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 307–318, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. Fazil, B. S. Shadab, J. K. Sahni, and J. Ali, “Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease (AD): past, present and future,” Journal of Drug Targeting, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 97–113, 2012.
- N. R. Saunders, C. J. Ek, M. D. Habgood, and K. M. Dziegielewska, “Barriers in the brain: a renaissance?” Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 279–286, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. M. Pardridge, “Molecular biology of the blood-brain barrier,” Molecular Biotechnology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 57–69, 2005. View at Scopus
- T. Zeis, A. Probst, A. J. Steck, et al., “Molecular changes in white matter adjacent to an active demyelinating lesion in early multiple sclerosis,” Brain Pathology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 459–466, 2009.
- P. Zamboni, “The Big Idea: iron-dependent inflammation in venous disease and proposed parallels in multiple sclerosis,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 99, no. 11, pp. 589–593, 2006. View at Scopus
- P. Zamboni, R. Galeotti, E. Menegatti et al., “Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 392–399, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Laupacis, E. Lillie, A. Dueck et al., “Association between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis,” CMAJ, vol. 183, no. 16, pp. E1203–E1212, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Zivadinov, M. Ramanathan, K. Dolic et al., “Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic, pathogenetic, clinical and treatment perspectives,” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1277–1294, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- P. Zamboni, E. Menegatti, B. Weinstock-Guttman et al., “Hypoperfusion of brain parenchyma is associated with the severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional preliminary report,” BMC Medicine, vol. 9, article 22, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. D'haeseleer, M. Cambron, L. Vanopdenbosch, and J. De Keyser, “Vascular aspects of multiple sclerosis,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 657–666, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. P. D. Henderson, M. H. Barnett, J. D. E. Parratt, and J. W. Prineas, “Multiple sclerosis: distribution of inflammatory cells in newly forming lesions,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 739–753, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. M. LeVine and A. Chakrabarty, “The role of iron in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1012, pp. 252–266, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. V. Singh and P. Zamboni, “Anomalous venous blood flow and iron deposition in multiple sclerosis,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1867–1878, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. G. D’Aversa, et al., “Mylin basic protein induces inflamattory mediatirs from primary human endothelial cells and blood brain barrier disruption: implications of the multiple sclerosis,” Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. In press.
- M. Wankhede, A. Bouras, M. Kaluzova, and C. G. Hadjipanayis, “Magnetic nanoparticles: an emerging technology for malignant brain tumor imaging and therapy,” Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 173–186, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- G. De Rosa, G. Salzano, M. Caraglia, and A. Abbruzzese, “Nanotechnologies: a strategy to overcome blood-brain barrier,” Current Drug Metabolism, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 61–69, 2012.
- G. A. Silva, “Nanotechnology approaches to crossing the blood-brain barrier and drug delivery to the CNS,” BMC Neuroscience, vol. 9, supplement 3, article S4, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. R. Siwak, A. M. Tari, and G. Lopez-Berestein, “The potential of drug-carrying immunoliposomes as anticancer agents,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 955–956, 2002. View at Scopus
- T. Patel, J. Zhou, J. M. Piepmeier, and W. M. Saltzman, “Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to the central nervous system,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 701–705, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- V. Rivest, A. Phivilay, C. Julien et al., “Novel liposomal formulation for targeted gene delivery,” Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 981–990, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N.-F. Sun, Q.-Y. Meng, A.-L. Tian et al., “Nanoliposome-mediated FL/TRAIL double-gene therapy for colon cancer: in vitro and in vivo evaluation,” Cancer Letters, vol. 315, no. 1, pp. 69–77, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. V. Singh, C. Lenardi, L. Gailite, A. Gianfelice, and P. Milani, “A simple lift-off-based patterning method for micro- and nanostructuring of functional substrates for cell culture,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 19, no. 11, Article ID 115028, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. V. Singh, L. Gailite, V. Vyas et al., “Rapid prototyping of nano- and micro-patterned substrates for the control of cell neuritogenesis by topographic and chemical cues,” Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 892–899, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. M. Swi Chang, “Therapeutic applications of polymeric artificial cells,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 221–235, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- G. Orive, R. M. Hernández, A. R. Gascón et al., “Cell encapsulation: promise and progress,” Nature Medicine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 104–107, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Knippenberg, N. Thau, R. Dengler, T. Brinker, and S. Petri, “Intracerebroventricular injection of encapsulated human mesenchymal cells producing glucagon-like peptide 1 prolongs survival in a mouse model of als,” PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, Article ID e36857, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Fernandes and D. H. Gracias, “Self-folding polymeric containers for encapsulation and delivery of drugs,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 64, no. 14, pp. 1579–1589, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Ausländer, M. Wieland, and M. Fussenegger, “Smart medication through combination of synthetic biology and cell microencapsulation,” Metabolic Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 252–260, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- P. Aebischer, M. Schluep, N. Déglon et al., “Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients,” Nature Medicine, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 696–699, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- D. F. Emerich, G. Orive, and C. Borlongan, “Tales of biomaterials, molecules, and cells for repairing and treating brain dysfunction,” Current Stem Cell Research and Therapy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 171–189, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. B. Malarkey and V. Parpura, “Carbon nanotubes in neuroscience,” in Brain Edema XIV, Z. Czernicki, et al., Ed., pp. 337–341, Springer, Vienna, Austria, 2010.
- G. Modi, V. Pillay, and Y. E. Choonara, “Advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders employing nanotechnology,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1184, pp. 154–172, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Lee and V. Parpura, “Chapter 6—carbon nanotubes as substrates/scaffolds for neural cell growth,” Progress in Brain Research, vol. 180, pp. 110–125, 2009. View at Scopus
- G. Cellot, E. Cilia, S. Cipollone et al., “Carbon nanotubes might improve neuronal performance by favouring electrical shortcuts,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 126–133, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y.-J. Huang, H.-C. Wu, N.-H. Tai, and T.-W. Wang, “Carbon nanotube rope with electrical stimulation promotes the differentiation and maturity of neural stem cells,” Small, vol. 8, no. 18, pp. 2869–2877, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Nunes, K. T. Al-Jamal, and K. Kostarelos, “Therapeutics, imaging and toxicity of nanomaterials in the central nervous system,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 290–306, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- L. Qiu, C. Zheng, Y. Jin, and K. Zhu, “Polymeric micelles as nanocarriers for drug delivery,” Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 819–830, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Tang, W. Ji, and C. Wang, “PH-responsive micelles based on amphiphilic block copolymers bearing ortho ester pendants as potential drug carriers,” Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, vol. 212, no. 11, pp. 1185–1192, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Z. Zhu, E. Senses, P. Akcora, and S. A. Sukhishvili, “Programmable light-controlled shape changes in layered polymer nanocomposites,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 3152–3162, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. Ouyang, C. W. Chu, C. R. Szmanda, L. Ma, and Y. Yang, “Programmable polymer thin film and non-volatile memory device,” Nature Materials, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 918–922, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. A. Petros and J. M. Desimone, “Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 615–627, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Rosen and T. Abribat, “The rise and rise of drug delivery,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 381–385, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- X.-B. Xiong, A. Falamarzian, S. M. Garg, and A. Lavasanifar, “Engineering of amphiphilic block copolymers for polymeric micellar drug and gene delivery,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 155, no. 2, pp. 248–261, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. Ruoslahti, S. N. Bhatia, and M. J. Sailor, “Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors,” Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 188, no. 6, pp. 759–768, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. V. Singh, L. Subhashree, P. Milani, D. Gemmati, and P. Zamboni, “Interplay of iron metallobiology, metalloproteinases, and FXIII, and role of their gene variants in venous leg ulcer,” International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 166–179, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. J. Seabrook, A. Littlewood-Evans, V. Brinkmann, B. Pöllinger, C. Schnell, and P. C. Hiestand, “Angiogenesis is present in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and pro-angiogenic factors are increased in multiple sclerosis lesions,” Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 7, article 95, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. E. Holley, J. Newcombe, J. L. Whatmore, and N. J. Gutowski, “Increased blood vessel density and endothelial cell proliferation in multiple sclerosis cerebral white matter,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 470, no. 1, pp. 65–70, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Van Horssen, C. D. Dijkstra, and H. E. De Vries, “The extracellular matrix in multiple sclerosis pathology,” Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 1293–1301, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Neri and R. Bicknell, “Tumour vascular targeting,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 436–446, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Von Maltzahn, J.-H. Park, K. Y. Lin et al., “Nanoparticles that communicate in vivo to amplify tumour targeting,” Nature Materials, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 545–552, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- B. Uttara, A. V. Singh, P. Zamboni, and R. T. Mahajan, “Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options,” Current Neuropharmacology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 65–74, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. J. M. Franklin and C. Ffrench-Constant, “Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 839–855, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- D. Schubert, R. Dargusch, J. Raitano, and S. W. Chan, “Cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles are neuroprotective,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 86–91, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Zhang, D. Alizadeh, and B. Badie, “Carbon nanotube uptake and toxicity in the brain,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 625, pp. 55–65, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. L. Dugan, D. M. Turetsky, C. Du et al., “Carboxyfullerenes as neuroprotective agents,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 94, no. 17, pp. 9434–9439, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. S. Ali, J. I. Hardt, and L. L. Dugan, “SOD Activity of carboxyfullerenes predicts their neuroprotective efficacy: a structure-activity study,” Nanomedicine, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 283–294, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. L. Dugan, E. G. Lovett, K. L. Quick, J. Lotharius, T. T. Lin, and K. L. O'Malley, “Fullerene-based antioxidants and neurodegenerative disorders,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 243–246, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Tan, L. Yildirimer, J. Rajadas, H. De La Peña, G. Pastorin, and A. Seifalian, “Quantum dots and carbon nanotubes in oncology: a review on emerging theranostic applications in nanomedicine,” Nanomedicine, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1101–1114, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. R. Shin, H. Bae, J. M. Cha et al., “Carbon nanotube reinforced hybrid microgels as scaffold materials for cell encapsulation,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 362–372, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. W. Motl and L. A. Pilutti, “The benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis,” Nature Reviews Neurology, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 487–497, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Kannan, H. Dai, R. S. Navath et al., “Dendrimer-based postnatal therapy for neuroinflammation and cerebral palsy in a rabbit model,” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 4, no. 130, Article ID 130ra46, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- P. J. Gaillard, C. C. M. Appeldoorn, J. Rip et al., “Enhanced brain delivery of liposomal methylprednisolone improved therapeutic efficacy in a model of neuroinflammation,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 364–369, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Dai, R. S. Navath, B. Balakrishnan et al., “Intrinsic targeting of inflammatory cells in the brain by polyamidoamine dendrimers upon subarachnoid administration,” Nanomedicine, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1317–1329, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. R. Menjoge, R. M. Kannan, and D. A. Tomalia, “Dendrimer-based drug and imaging conjugates: design considerations for nanomedical applications,” Drug Discovery Today, vol. 15, no. 5-6, pp. 171–185, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. V. Singh, A. Rahman, N. V. G. Sudhir Kumar et al., “Bio-inspired approaches to design smart fabrics,” Materials and Design, vol. 36, pp. 829–839, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. V. Singh, A.S. Ajay, N. Aditi, et al., “Nanomaterials: new generation therapeutics in wound healing and tissue repair,” Current Nanoscience, vol. 6, pp. 577–586, 2010.
- A. V. Singh, S. Maheshwari, D. Giovanni et al., “Nanoengineering approaches to design advanced dental materials for clinical applications,” Journal of Bionanoscience, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 53–65, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Sant, S. L. Tao, O. Z. Fisher, Q. Xu, N. A. Peppas, and A. Khademhosseini, “Microfabrication technologies for oral drug delivery,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 496–507, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- V. Kohli and A. Y. Elezzabi, “Prospects and developments in cell and embryo laser nanosurgery,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 11–25, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Ebbesen and T. G. Jensen, “Nanomedicine: techniques, potentials, and ethical implications,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2006, Article ID 51516, 11 pages, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Khawaja, “The legacy of nanotechnology: revolution and prospects in neurosurgery,” International Journal of Surgery, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 608–614, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. A. Freitas, “Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and nanosurgery,” International Journal of Surgery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 243–246, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. J. Tserevelakis, S. Psycharakis, B. Resan et al., “Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of sub-cellular structures in HeLa cells by employing Third Harmonic Generation imaging modality as diagnostic tool,” Journal of Biophotonics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 200–207, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- G. D. M. Jeffries, J. S. Edgar, Z. Yiqiong, J. P. Shelby, F. Christine, and D. T. Chiu, “Using polarization-shaped optical vortex traps for single-cell nanosurgery,” Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 415–420, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Obataya, C. Nakamura, S. Han, N. Nakamura, and J. Miyake, “Nanoscale operation of a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle,” Nano Letters, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 27–30, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Wang and W. Gao, “Nano/microscale motors: biomedical opportunities and challenges,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 5745–5751, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Hernot, S. Unnikrishnan, Z. Du et al., “Nanobody-coupled microbubbles as novel molecular tracer,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 346–353, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Farra, N. F. Sheppard Jr., L. McCabe et al., “First-in-human testing of a wirelessly controlled drug delivery microchip,” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 4, no. 122, Article ID 122ra21, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- W. A. Qureshi, “Current and future applications of the capsule camera,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 447–450, 2004. View at Scopus
- P. C. Swain, “Wireless capsule endoscopy,” Gut, vol. 52, supplement 4, pp. iv48–iv50, 2003. View at Scopus
- D. G. Georganopoulou, L. Chang, J. M. Nam et al., “Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebral spinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 2273–2276, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. M. Nam, K. J. Jang, and J. T. Groves, “Detection of proteins using a colorimetric bio-barcode assay,” Nature Protocols, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1438–1444, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. B. M. Warntjes, O. Dahlqvist Leinhard, J. West, and P. Lundberg, “Rapid magnetic resonance quantification on the brain: optimization for clinical usage,” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 320–329, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. J. Haes, L. Chang, W. L. Klein, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Detection of a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease from synthetic and clinical samples using a nanoscale optical biosensor,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 7, pp. 2264–2271, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. E. Kurland, Z. Drira, and V. K. Yadavalli, “Measurement of nanomechanical properties of biomolecules using atomic force microscopy,” Micron, vol. 43, no. 2-3, pp. 116–128, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- V. Mani, B. V. Chikkaveeraiah, V. Patel, J. S. Gutkind, and J. F. Rusling, “Ultrasensitive immunosensor for cancer biomarker proteins using gold nanoparticle film electrodes and multienzyme-particle amplification,” ACS Nano, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 585–594, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Neely, C. Perry, B. Varisli et al., “Ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of alzheimer's disease biomarker using two-photon rayleigh scattering properties of gold nanoparticle,” ACS Nano, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 2834–2840, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Heta, K. Kumaki, H. Hifumi, D. Citterio, A. Tanimoto, and K. Suzuki, “Gadolinium containing photochromic micelles as potential magnetic resonance imaging traceable drug carriers,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 876–883, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. M. J. Richards, C. A. Shaw, N. N. Lang et al., “In vivo mononuclear cell tracking using superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide feasibility and safety in humans,” Circulation, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 509–517, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Metz, A. J. Beer, M. Settles et al., “Characterization of carotid artery plaques with USPIOenhanced MRI: assessment of inflammation and vascularity as in vivo imaging biomarkers for plaque vulnerability,” International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 901–912, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- D. Bataveljić, S. Stamenković, G. Bačić, and P. R. Andjus, “Imaging cellular markers of neuroinflammation in the brain of the rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,” Acta Physiologica Hungarica, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 27–31, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. MacHtoub, R. Pfeiffer, A. Backovic, S. Frischauf, and M. C. Wick, “Molecular imaging cellular SPIO uptake with nonlinear optical microscopy,” Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 159–164, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Santra, S. D. Jativa, C. Kaittanis, G. Normand, J. Grimm, and J. M. Perez, “Gadolinium-encapsulating iron oxide nanoprobe as activatable NMR/MRI contrast agent,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 7281–7294, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. H. Jacobs and B. Tavitian, “Noninvasive molecular imaging of neuroinflammation,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1393–1415, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar