Balance (single leg stand), Symptom Rating Questionnaire (SRQ). (No primary outcomes stated.)
Balance improved from baseline in mindfulness group () but not usual care (between group comparison not made for a balance). SRQ improved after-mindfulness and at 3-month followup compared to controls ().
Iyengar yoga () versus exercise bike () versus wait List ()
MS type not specified
Yoga: 90 min/wk for 6 months Exercise: 1 class/wk for 6 months
17%
Primary: attention (Stroop Color and Word Test), alertness (EEG). Secondary: attention (modified Useful Field of View task, adapted attentional shift task, PASAT, Wechsler Memory Scales III Logical Memory, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Similarities), alertness (SSS), mood (POMS), depression (CESD-10), anxiety (STAI), fatigue (MFI), quality of life (SF-36), disability (Timed Walk, 9-hole Peg Test, Forward Bend Flexibility).
There was no significant effect of yoga or exercise on attention, alertness, cognitive measures, mood, physical disability, or general quality of life. Both yoga and exercise reduced general fatigue () and improved energy () when compared to wait list controls.
Prospective, repeated measures, within subject treatment comparison
Education versus self-hypnosis training (HT) versus cognitive restructuring (CR) versus self-hypnosis and cognitive restructuring (Hybrid)
22 people with MS and chronic daily pain, type not specified
4 sessions of each of the 4 interventions
32%
Primary: pain intensity (0–10 NRS), frequency of catastrophizing cognitions (PCS). Secondary: pain interference (modified BPI), worst pain intensity (0–10 NRS).
HT and Hybrid decreased pain intensity compared to pretreatment levels (). HT, CR, and the Hybrid reduced pain catastrophizing scores compared to pretreatment (HT , CR , Hybrid ) but there were no differences between the three trainings. Only Hybrid reduced pain interference compared to pretreatment ().
PFT (Group 1, ) versus PFT & biofeedback (Group 2, ) versus PFT, Biofeedback, and EStim (Group 3, )
Women with RRMS, SPMS, or PPMS
1 session/wk × 9 wks
10%
Primary: leakage episodes per 24 hrs (3-day diary). Secondary: 24 hr pad test, voiding frequency, maximum flow rate, postvoid residual volume, strength of pelvic floor muscles, quality of life (KHQ, MSQOL), incontinence impact (IIQ), urinary distress (UDI).
Leakage episodes decreased 58% () in Group 2 and 76% () in Group 3 compared to baseline; little change in Group 1. This reduction was significant between Groups 1 and 3 (). Groups 2 and 3 improved in KHQ symptom severity scale (), quality of life (), and urinary distress () scales. No significant changes in pad test, voiding frequency, maximum flow rate, postvoid residuals, and pelvic floor muscle strength between groups.
PFT and pharmacotherapy () versus PFT, pharmacotherapy, and biofeedback ()
General rehabilitation in patients with MS, type not specified
Biofeedback: 30–60 min lesson q2wk, median 3 times. PFT: 40 min sessions twice a week (median 6 times).*
10%
Subjective visual analog for incontinence and voiding symptoms, leakage episodes per 24 hrs (diary), pad weight, cystometric capacity, mean voided volume, maximum flow rate, residual urine. (No primary outcomes stated.)
No significant differences between treatment group and controls for all outcomes. Subjective symptoms improved (), number of incontinence episodes decreased () and maximal cystometric capacity increased () for all participants. No changes seen in pad weight, mean voided volume, maximum flow rate, and residual volume for all participants.
Quality of life (MSQOL), mood (POMS-SF), depression (CES-D). (No primary outcomes stated.)
AT group reported more energy than control group () and were less limited in their roles due to physical and emotional problems (, ). No significant differences between groups were seen for mood or depression.
Mood (POMS), anxiety (STAI), health attribution (HAT), MS symptom checklist (developed by PI). (No primary outcomes stated.)
Imagery group showed no change in mood compared to controls. Imagery showed decrease in state anxiety after intervention () but not trait anxiety compared to controls. The “internal control of health” score for imagery group remained stable but decreased for controls ().
Unclear
BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; EStim: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation; HAQUAMS: Hamburg Quality of Life Questionnaire in Multiple Sclerosis; HAT: Health Attribution Test; IIQ: Incontinence Impact Questionnaire; KHQ: King’s Health Questionnaire; MFI: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; MFIS: Modified Fatigue Inventory Scale; MSQOL: MS Quality of Life Instrument; NRS: Number Rating Scale; PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PFT: pelvic floor training; PMR: progressive muscle relaxation; POMS-SF: Profile of Mood States-Short Form; PPMS: primary progressive MS; PQOLC: Profile of Health-Related Quality of Life in Chronic Disorders; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RRMS: relapsing remitting MS; SPMS: secondary progressive MS; SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale; STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory; UDI: Urinary Distress Inventory.
*Total number of sessions over what length of time is unclear.
