|
| DNA methylation | |
|
Systemic lupus eErithematosus | Global Hypomethylation of promoter region of genes: | References |
ITGAL | [23] |
CD40LG | [24] |
PRF1 | [25] |
CD70 | [26] |
IFGNR2 | [27] |
MMP14 | [27] |
LCN2 | [27] |
Ribosomal RNA gene promoter (18S and 28S) | [27] |
e1B promoter of CD5 in resting B cells | [28] |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis | Hypomethylation: | |
CpG islands upstream of an L1 open-reading frame | [29] |
IL-6 promoter gene in monocytes | [30] |
Hypermethylation: | |
Promoter of death receptor 3 (DR-3) | [31] |
|
Type 1 diabetes | Global hypermethylation by altered metabolism of homocysteine | [32] |
|
Multiple sclerosis | Hypomethylation of promoter region of peptidyl arginine deiminase type II (PAD2) | [33] |
|
Systemic sclerosis | Hypermethylation of CpG islands in Fli1 promoter | [34] |
|
| Histone modification | |
|
Systemic lupus erithematosus | Predisposition to apoptotic nucleosomes | |
H3K4me3 | |
H4K8 triacetylation | |
H3K27me3 | [35] |
H2BK12ac | |
Global acetylation of histone H3 and H4 in active CD4+ T cells | [36] |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis | HDAC inhibitors: | |
Block induction of MMPs | [37] |
Repress of ADAMTs enzymes | |
Hyperacetylation of histones induces p16 and p21 | [38] |
|
Type 1 diabetes | Increase H3K9me2 in lymphocytes genes: | |
CLTA4 | |
TGF-B | |
NF-κB | [39] |
p38 | |
IL-6 | |
Hyperglcemia causes H3K4 and H3K9 methylation | [40] |
|
Multiple sclerosis | Hyperacetylation of H3 promoter region in white matter | [41] |
|
| miRNAs | |
|
Systemic lupus Erithematosus | Decreased expression: | |
miR-146a | [42] |
miR-125a | [43] |
Upregulation: | |
miR-21 and miR-148a | [44] |
miR-155 | [45] |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis | Overexpression: | |
miR-155 | [46] |
miR-203 | [47] |
miR-146 | [48] |
Decreased expression of miR-124 | [49] |
|
Multiple sclerosis | Upregulation: | |
miR-326 | [50] |
miR-34a | [51] |
miR-155 | [51] |
Expression in Treg cells: miR-17-5p, miR-497, miR-193 and miR-126 | [52] |
Disease Relapse: miR-18b and miR-599 Disease Remission: miR-96 | [53] |
Brain-specific: miR-124 | [54] |
|
Type 1 diabetes | Overexpression of miRNA-510 | [55] |
Decreased expression of miRNA-342 and miRNA-191 | [55] |
Beta cell failure: miR-21, miR-34a, and miR-146a | [56] |
|
Sjögren’s syndrome | Overexpression: miR-547-3p and miR-168-3p | [57] |
Upregulated: miR-150 and miR-149 | [57] |
|