CD91-Dependent Modulation of Immune Responses by Heat Shock Proteins: A Role in Autoimmunity

Table 2

A summary of reports showing activation of APCs by HSPs.

HSP	Species	Antigen presenting cell	Receptor	Innate immune responses					Reference and year
				Cytokine	Chemokine	NO	Maturation	NF-𝜅B
hsp60, hsp70	Bacteria, human, mouse	Peritoneal macrophage	ND	IL-12					[75], 1996
hsp60	Human	Macrophage	CD14	TNF-α, IL-12, IL-15		Yes			[76], 1999
hsp60	Chlamydia and human	Human EC, SMC, and macrophage	ND	IL-6				Activation	[77], 1999
gp96, hsp70, hsp90	Mouse	DC	ND	TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β			↑MHC II, B7-2	Activation	[74], 2000
hsp70	Human	Monocyte	CD14	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6				Activation	[78], 2000
gp96	Mouse	human DC	ND	TNF-α, IL-12			↑MHCII, CD86		[79], 2000
hsp60	Mouse	Macrophage	TLR4	TNF-α		Yes			[80], 2000
gp96	Mouse	CD11c^+ cell	ND				↑MHC II, B7-1, B7-2, migration		[81], 2000
hsp70	Mouse	Mouse splenocyte	ND	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6					[82], 2000
hsp70	Mouse	Mouse BMDC	ND	TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6					[83], 2000
rhsp70	Human	DC	ND				↑CD40, CD86, CD83		[84], 2001
Mtb hsp70	Mycobacteria	THP1, KG1 cells, and DC	CD40		RANTES				[85], 2001
hsp70, gp96	Human	DC	ND				↑HLA-DR, CD40, CD86, CD83, and DC-LAMP		[86], 2001
hsp70	Human	DC	Toll/IL-1R	IL-12					[87], 2002
gp96	Human	BMDC	TLR2/4	IL-12			↑CD86	Activation	[88], 2002
gp96 and hsp70	Human and mouse	Macrophage, immature DC	ND			Yes			[89], 2002
rhsp70	Mycobacteria	Human DC	CD40	IL-12, TNF-α	RANTES	Yes	↑CD83, CCR7, CD86, CD80, and MHC II		[90], 2002
hsp60	Human	DC	TLR4	TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β					[91], 2003
rhsp70	Human	DC	CD40	IL-12p40					[92], 2003
hsp72	Rat	Splenocyte and macrophage	ND	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6		Yes			[93], 2003
hsp70L1	Human	DC	CD91, TLR2/4	TNF-α, IL-12p70, IL-1β	IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES				[94], 2004
hsp60	Human	Mouse B-cell	TLR4	IL-10 and IL-6			↑MHC II, CD69, CD40, and B7-2		[95], 2005
HSPB8	Human	DC	TLR4	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10			↑CD80, CD83, CD86 and MHC II		[96], 2006
hsp70	Mouse	Tumor cells and DC	TLR4		CXCL10		↑CD80, CD86, CD40, MHC II	Activation	[97], 2009
gp96	Human	Macrophage	TLR2	TNF-α, IL-8					[98], 2009
gp96, hsp70 Calreticulin	Mouse	RAW264.7, or PEC	CD91	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, etc.	CXCL10 (IP-10), CXCL11 (IP-9)			Activation	[71], 2012

ND: not determined; NO: nitric oxide; PEC: peritoneal exudate cells; BMDC: bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells; DC: dendritic cells; EC: endothelial cell; SMC: smooth muscle cell.