Cardiovascular Disease in Latin American Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cross-Sectional Study and a Systematic Review

Table 5

Factors associated with CVD in patients with SLE including interaction between smoking and coffee consumption*.

Characteristic	β	AOR	95% CI	𝑃
APS	1.55	4.71	1.81–12.2	0.001
Dyslipidemia	1.07	2.92	1.54–5.55	0.001
Pleural effusion	0.78	2.19	1.20–3.98	0.011
Smoking and coffee	0.60	1.82	1.05–3.13	0.03

CVD: cardiovascular disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; β: β coefficient; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome.
*Adjusted by gender and duration of the disease including interaction between smoking and coffee consumption. 𝑃-values persisted significant despite the evaluation of the four possible combinations (i.e., smoking, coffee, smoking and coffee, none) through the adjustment of the multivariate model.