Microevolutionary Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Plant-Animal Interactions

Figure 2

Expected consequences of disrupted plant-animal interactions due to habitat fragmentation. There are 100 possible combinations among the four interactions, two mutualisms (i.e., pollination and seed dispersal) and two antagonisms (herbivory and seed predation), considering the possibility that one or both mutualisms or antagonisms will increase, decrease, or remain unchanged. Green tones denote an increase into the plant reproductive success (as a proxy of fitness), whereas red tones denote a decrease.