Paternal Occupational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals as a Risk Factor for Leukaemia in Children: A Case-Control Study from the North of England

Table 2

Unadjusted odds ratios (Ors) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for leukaemia (ages 0–14) by sex. Results compare the “likely exposed” group with the “very unlikely to have been exposed group.”

	Registry controls						Cumbrian births database controls
	All		Male		Female		All		Male		Female
	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI
Polychlorinated organic compounds
All leukaemia	1.19	0.94–1.51	1.36	0.99–1.87	1.03	0.72–1.47	1.32	1.04–1.69	1.27	0.92–1.76	1.39	0.97–2.00
Lymphoid leukaemia	1.12	0.85–1.46	1.43	1.02–2.01	0.80	0.52–1.25	1.23	0.94–1.62	1.36	0.97–1.93	1.06	0.68–1.65
Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia	1.60	0.90–2.86	0.95	0.34–2.68	2.24	1.10–4.59	1.95	1.08–3.54	0.76	0.23–2.47	3.63	1.78–7.43
Phthalates
All leukaemia	1.16	0.95–1.40	1.35	1.05–1.74	0.95	0.71–1.28	1.04	0.85–1.27	1.06	0.82–1.38	1.01	0.75–1.36
Lymphoid leukaemia	1.04	0.83–1.29	1.28	0.97–1.69	0.77	0.54–1.10	0.94	0.75–1.18	1.04	0.78–1.39	0.81	0.56–1.16
Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia	1.61	1.00–2.61	1.69	0.85–3.34	1.55	0.79–3.04	1.33	0.81–2.20	1.11	0.54–2.31	1.59	0.80–3.17
Alkylphenolic compounds
All leukaemia	0.88	0.71–1.29	1.02	0.78–1.33	0.71	0.51–0.99	0.81	0.66–1.00	0.89	0.68–1.17	0.70	0.50–0.99
Lymphoid leukaemia	0.76	0.60–0.96	0.94	0.70–1.26	0.54	0.36–0.81	0.71	0.56–0.90	0.84	0.62–1.14	0.54	0.35–0.81
Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia	1.30	0.78–2.17	1.33	0.66–2.68	1.27	0.60–2.69	1.04	0.61–1.77	0.98	0.47–2.05	1.10	0.50–2.41
Biphenolic compounds
All leukaemia	0.93	0.68–1.29	1.01	0.65–1.56	0.86	0.54–1.38	1.08	0.78–1.51	0.99	0.63–1.55	1.22	0.75–1.97
Lymphoid leukaemia	0.83	0.57–1.20	1.06	0.67–1.69	0.59	0.32–1.08	0.94	0.64–1.37	1.05	0.65–1.70	0.78	0.41–1.48
Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia	1.29	0.59–2.85	0.39	0.05–2.82	2.22	0.90–5.44	1.71	0.78–3.74	0.40	0.05–2.90	3.71	1.54–8.92
Heavy metals
All leukaemia	0.75	0.49–1.16	0.56	0.29–1.09	1.00	0.57–1.75	0.94	0.61–1.45	0.72	0.37–1.39	1.22	0.68–2.18
Lymphoid leukaemia	0.78	0.49–1.23	0.66	0.34–1.29	0.91	0.48–1.73	0.95	0.59–1.53	0.83	0.43–1.62	1.11	0.57–2.18
Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia	0.47	0.11–1.91	—	—	1.02	0.24–4.25	0.67	0.16–2.72	—	—	1.35	0.33–5.64
Other
All leukaemia	0.79	0.43–1.44	0.44	0.14–1.40	1.12	0.55–2.29	0.29	0.16–0.54	0.15	0.05–0.48	0.47	0.22–1.00
Lymphoid leukaemia	0.58	0.27–1.23	0.16	0.02–1.17	1.01	0.44–2.31	0.21	0.09–0.47	0.06	0.01–0.44	0.42	0.17–1.01
Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia	1.23	0.30–5.12	3.37	0.78–14.6	—	—	0.41	0.10–1.66	0.79	0.19–3.25	—	—

Note. Results listed in bold are significant at 𝑃<0.05.