Clinical, Molecular, and Environmental Risk Factors for Hodgkin Lymphoma

Table 1

Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma.

Risk Factor	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Study
Race/Ethnicity
E European versus N American descent	1.82	1.02–3.25	Pahwa [17]
Jewish versus Catholic	2.29	1.26–4.19	Chang [18]
Jewish versus Protestant	1.77	1.01–3.13	Chang [18]
Medical History
Measles	0.72	0.53–0.98	Pahwa [17]
	0.7	0.53–0.94	Karunanayake [19]
Shingles	2.41	1.38–4.22	Pahwa [17]
	2.16	1.31–3.56	Karunanayake [19]
Appendectomy	4.3	1.90–10.00	Cozen [20]
Acne	2.12	1.19–3.78	Pahwa [17]
Allergy desensitization shots	0.55	0.30–0.99	Pahwa [17]
Eczema	4.2	1.20–14.80	Cozen [20]
Family history of cancer (general)	1.93	1.40–2.65	Pahwa [17]
Family history of cancer (hematopoietic)	2.06	1.10–3.87	Chang [18]
Exposure History
Herbicide dichlorprop	6.35	1.56–25.92	Pahwa [17]
Ionizing radiation from Uranium	2.58	1.08–6.19	Karunanayake [19]
Ultraviolet radiation	0.62	0.40–0.96	Karunanayake [19]
Childhood environmental tobacco smoke (F 19–44 years)	1.7	0.90–3.40	Glaser [21]
Behaviors (thumb-sucking/putting things in mouth) resulting in  early oral exposure than twin	0.1	0.00–0.50	Cozen [20]
≥1 year nursery school attendance	0.64	0.45–0.92	Chang [18]
Physical Health
2X/wk physical activity (F 19–44 years)	0.58	0.39–0.87	Keegan [22]
2X/wk physical activity (F 45–79 years)	0.45	0.19–1.06	Keegan [22]
High BMI (F 19–44 years)	1.74	1.00–3.02	Keegan [22]
High BMI (F 45–79 years)	0.37	0.11–1.30	Keegan [22]
Low-dose aspirin use	0.6	0.30–1.00	Chang [23]
Smoking ≥10 lifetime packs of cigarettes	1.31	1.03–1.69	Chang [18]
Current smoker (M)	1.8	1.30–2.90	Briggs [24]
Molecular Biology
rs1585215 in NFKB1: AG versus AA	2.1	1.50–2.90	Chang [25]
rs1585215 in NFKB1: GG versus AA	3.5	2.20–5.70	Chang [25]
Carriership for −1237C (TLR9)	2.53	1.36–4.71	Mollaki [26]
Carriership for 2848A (TLR9)	6.20	1.30–28.8	Mollaki [26]
Socioeconomics
Having less than a high school education (15–54 years)	0.82	0.70–0.96	Chang [18]

E: East; N: North; F: female; M: male, BMI: body mass index.