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Table 1: Summary of pre- and posttreatment geologic evolution concept test results.

Scores Multiple-choice test items $(n=72)$ Pretreatment multiple choice average score 6.82 Posttreatment multiple choice average score 8.36 Percent increase 22.6% Hake gain 48.5% Free-response justifications $(n=72)$ Pretreatment explanation average score 3.68 Posttreatment explanation average score 5.17 Percent increase 40.4% Hake gain 23.5%