EmoHeart: Conveying Emotions in Second Life Based on Affect Sensing from Text

Table 8

Emotional states and relevant expressive means (data partially taken from [53]).

Emotion	Expressive means
Anger	widely open eyes, fixated; pupils contracted; stare gaze; ajar mouth; teeth usually clenched tightly; rigidity of lips and jaw; lips may be tightly compressed, or may be drawn back to expose teeth
Disgust	narrowed eyes, may be partially closed as result of nose being drawn upward; upper lip drawn up; pressed lips; wrinkled nose; turn of the head to the side quasi avoiding something
Fear	widely open eyes; pupils dilated; raised eyebrows; open mouth with crooked lips; trembling chin
Guilt	downcast or glancing gaze; inner corners of eyebrows may be drawn down; lips drawn in, corners depressed; head lowered
Interest	eyes may be exaggeratedly opened and fixed; lower eyelids may be raised as though to sharpen visual focus; increased pupil size; sparkling gaze; mouth slightly smiling; head is slightly inclined to the side
Joy	“smiling” and bright eyes; genuinely smiling mouth
Sadness	eyelids contracted; partially closed eyes; downturning mouth
Shame	downcast gaze; blushing cheeks; head is lowered
Surprise	widely open eyes; slightly raised upper eyelids and eyebrows; the mouth is opened by the jaw drop; the lips are relaxed