Copyright © 2012 Chad C. Tossell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. ITU, 2010, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/material/FactsFigures2010.pdf.
2. R. Ling, The Mobile Connection, Elsevier, Dresden, Germany, 2004.
3. M. Raento, A. Oulasvirta, and N. Eagle, “Smartphones: an emerging tool for social scientists,” Sociological Methods and Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 426–454, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. D. R. Dubey, R. N. Kent, and S. G. O'Leary, “Reactions of children and teachers to classroom observers: a series of controlled investigations,” Behavior Therapy, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 887–897, 1977. View at Scopus
5. R. E. Sykes, “Toward a theory of observer effect in systematic field observation,” Human Organization, vol. 37, pp. 148–156, 1978.
6. K. E. Weick, “Systematic observational methods,” in Handbook of Social Psychology, G. Lindzey and E. Aronson, Eds., 1968.
7. F. C. Harris and B. B. Lahey, “Subject reactivity in direct observational assessment: a review and critical analysis,” Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 523–538, 1982. View at Scopus
8. J. G. Kelly, “Naturalistic observations and theory confirmation: an example,” Human Development, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 212–222, 1967. View at Scopus
9. J. Kjeldskov and C. Graham, “A review of mobile HCI research methods,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Udine, Italy, 2003.
10. B. Beurer-Zuellig and M. Meckel, “Smartphones enabling mobile collaboration,” in Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '08), January 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. R. E. Grinter and M. A. Eldridge, “Y do tngrs luv 2 txt msg?” in Proceedings of the Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '01), pp. 219–239, 2001.
12. N. Eagle, A. Pentland, and D. Lazer, “Inferring friendship network structure by using mobile phone data,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 36, pp. 15274–15278, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. P. Hagen, T. Robertson, M. Kan, and K. Sadler, “Emerging research methods for understanding mobile technology use,” in Proceedings of the Australasian Computer-Human Interaction Conference (OZCHI '05), Canberra, Australia, 2005.
14. J. Kjeldskov and J. Stage, “New techniques for usability evaluation of mobile systems,” International Journal of Human Computer Studies, vol. 60, no. 5-6, pp. 599–620, 2004. View at Scopus
15. C. D. Wickens and J. G. Hollands, Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ, USA, 3rd edition, 2000.
16. J. Rubin, Handbook of Usability Testing, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1994.
17. J. E. Driskell and E. Salas, “Collective behavior and team performance,” Human Factors, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 277–288, 1992. View at Scopus
18. J. Grudin, “Why groupware applications fail: problems in design and evaluation,” Office: Technology and People, vol. 4, pp. 245–264, 1988.
19. R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press, Glencoe, Ill, USA, 1949.
20. N. Eagle and A. Pentland, “Reality mining: sensing complex social systems,” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 255–268, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. S. Carter and J. Mankoff, When participants do the capturing: The role of media in diary studies. Human-computer interaction institute, 2005, http://repository.cmu.edu/hcii/123/.
22. M. Kamvar, M. Kellar, R. Pater, and Y. Xu, “Computers and iPhones and mobile phones, oh my! A logs-based comparison of search users on different devices,” in Proceedings of the WWW: International World Wide Web Conference, Madrid, Spain, April 2009.
23. A. Kivi, “Measuring mobile user behavior and service usage: methods, measurement points, and future outlook,” in Proceedings of the 6th Global Mobility Roundtable, Los Angeles, Calif, USA, 2007.
24. K. Purcell and K. Brady, “Adaptation to the invasion of privacy: monitoring behavior with a miniature radio transmitter,” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, vol. 12, pp. 242–254, 1965.
25. L. D. Catledge and J. E. Pitkow, “Characterizing browsing strategies in the world wide web,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International World Wide Web Conference, Darmstadt, Germany, 1995.
26. B. J. Jansen, A. Spink, and T. Saracevic, “Real life, real users, and real needs: a study and analysis of user queries on the Web,” Information Processing and Management, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 207–227, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. L. Tauscher and S. Greenberg, “Revisitation patterns in World Wide Web navigation,” in Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '97), pp. 399–406, March 1997. View at Scopus
28. V. Cothey, “A longitudinal study of World Wide Web users' information-searching behavior,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 67–78, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. M. C. Burton and J. B. Walther, “The value of web log data in use-based design and testing,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 6, no. 3, 2001. View at Scopus
30. B. McKenzie and A. Cockburn, “An empirical analysis of web page revisitation,” in Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS '01), January 2001. View at Scopus
31. P. W. Foltz and M. J. Martin, “Automated communication analysis of teams,” in Team Effectiveness in Complex Organizations, E. Salas, G. F. Goodwin, and S. Burke, Eds., Taylor Francis, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
32. P. A. Kiekel, N. J. Cooke, P. W. Foltz, and S. M. Shope, Automating, 2001.
33. C. A. Bowers, F. Jentsch, E. Salas, and C. C. Braun, “Analyzing communication sequences for team training needs assessment,” Human Factors, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 672–679, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. A. G. Miklas, K. K. Gollu, K. K. W. Chan, S. Saroiu, K. P. Gummadi, and E. De Lara, “Exploiting social interactions in mobile systems,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4717, pp. 409–428, 2007. View at Scopus
35. E. Yoneki, “Visualizing communities and centralities from encounter traces,” in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Challenged Networks (CHANTS '08), pp. 129–131, September 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. K. Farrahi and D. Gatica-Perez, “What did you do today? Discovering daily routines from large-scale mobile data,” in Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM '08), pp. 849–852, October 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. N. Eagle and A. S. Pentland, “Eigenbehaviors: identifying structure in routine,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1057–1066, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. L. Hossain, K. Chung, and S. Murshed, “Exploring temporal communication through social networks,” in Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Interact '07), Springer, 2007.
39. S. Hulkko, T. Mattelmäki, K. Virtanen, and T. Keinonen, “Mobile probes,” in Proceedings of the 3rd Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI '04), pp. 43–51, Tampere, Finland, October 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. A. Oulasvirta, R. Petit, M. Raento, and S. Tiitta, “Interpreting and acting on mobile awareness cues,” Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 22, no. 1-2, pp. 97–135, 2007. View at Scopus
41. B. Shneiderman, “Universal usability,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 85–91, 2000. View at Scopus
42. J. Häkkilä and C. Chatfield, “‘It's Like if you opened someone else's letter'’user perceived privacy and social practices with SMS communication,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '05), pp. 219–222, September 2005. View at Scopus
43. M. Raento, A. Oulasvirta, R. Petit, and H. Toivonen, “ContextPhone: a prototyping platform for context-aware mobile applications,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 51–59, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. S. M. Johnson and O. D. Bolstad, “Reactivity to home observation: a comparison of audio recorded behavior with observers present or absent,” Applied Behavioral Analysis, vol. 8, pp. 181–185, 1975.
45. S. N. Haynes and W. F. Horn, “Reactivity in behavioral observation: a review,” Behavioral Assessment, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 369–385, 1982. View at Scopus
46. S. M. Johnson and O. D. Bolstad, “Methodological issues in naturalistic observation: some problems and solutions for field research,” in Behavior Change: Methodology, Concepts, and Practice, L. A. Hamerlynck, L. C. Handy, and E. J. Mash, Eds., Research, Champaign, Ill, USA, 1973.
47. P. A. Adler and P. Adler, “Observational techniques,” in Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials, N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, Eds., Sage, Thousand Oaks, Calif, USA, 1988.
48. C. C. Tossell, P. T. Kortum, C. W. Shepard, A. Rahmati, and L. Zhong, “Assessing the performance of common tasks on handheld mobile computers,” in Proceedings of the 54th Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (HFES '10), pp. 542–546, October 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
49. T. Matthews, J. Pierce, and J. Tang, “No smartphone is an island: the impact of places, situations, and other devices on smartphone use,” IBM RJ10452, 2009.
50. C. C. Tossell, P. Kortum, C. Shepard, L. H. Barg-Walkow, A. Rahmati, and L. Zhong, “A longitudinal study of emoticon use in text messaging from smartphones,” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 28, pp. 659–663, 2012.
51. C. C. Tossell, P. Kortum, A. Rahmati, C. Shepard, and L. Zhong, “Characterizing web use on smartphones,” in Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12), ACM, 2012.
52. B. Jönsson, A. Svensk, D. Cuartielles, L. Malmborg, and P. Schlaucher, “Mobility and learning environments—engaging people in design of their everyday environments,” Tech. Rep., 2002.
53. P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. MacKenzie, J. Y. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff, “Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 879–903, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
54. C. C. Tossell, J. Jardina, P. Kortum, et al., “Effects of socioeconomic diversity on iPod touch device use in real-world environments,” in Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society, Las Vegas, Nev, USA, 2011.