Controlling Assistive Machines in Paralysis Using Brain Waves and Other Biosignals

Table 1

Categories of brain-computer and brain-machine interfaces.

Based on: recording site of brain signals
Brain signal used	Recording technique
Invasive
Single spike	Single cell recordings
Multiunit activity	Multiunit arrays (MUA)
Local field potentials (LFP)	Electrocorticogram (ECoG)
Noninvasive
Electric brain potentials	Electroencephalography (EEG)
Neuromagnetic fields	Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
BOLD	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Oxy/deoxyhemoglobin	Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Based on: mode of operation
Active	Asynchronous control
	Synchronous control
Reactive	N.A.
Passive	N.A.
Based on: purpose
Assistive/biomimetic	Restorative/biofeedback
Used for restoration of	Tested in the treatment of
Communication	Stroke
Paralysis	Chronic pain
	Tinnitus
	Dementia
	Depression
	Schizophrenia