Abstract
We calculate modifications to the Schwarzschild solution by using a semiclassical analysis of loop quantum black hole. We obtain a metric inside the event horizon that coincides with the Schwarzschild solution near the horizon but that is substantially different at the Planck scale. In particular, we obtain a bounce of the sphere for a minimum value of the radius and that it is possible to have another event horizon close to the point.
1. Introduction
Quantum gravity, the theory that wants to reconcile general relativity and quantum mechanics, is one of the major problems in theoretical physics today. General relativity tells that because also the space-time is dynamical, it is not possible to study other interactions on a fixed background. The background itself is a dynamical field.
Among the quantum gravity theories, a theory called “loop quantum gravity” [1–5] is the most widespread nowadays. This is one of the nonperturbative and background independent approaches to quantum gravity (another nonperturbative approach to quantum gravity is called “asymptotic safety quantum gravity” [6]). In the last years, the applications of loop quantum gravity ideas to minisuperspace models lead to some interesting results to solve the problem of space-like singularity in quantum gravity. As shown in cosmology [7–10], and recently, in black hole physics [11–16], it is possible to solve the cosmological singularity problem and the black hole singularity problem by using the tools and ideas developed in full loop quantum gravity theory. In the other well-known approach to quantum gravity, the called “asymptotic safety quantum gravity,” authors [17, 18], using the running coupling constant obtained in “asymptotic safety quantum gravity,” have showed that nonperturbative quantum gravity effects give a much less singular Schwarzschild metric and that for particular values of the black hole mass it is possible to have the formation of another event horizon.
In this paper, we study the space time inside the event horizon at the semiclassical level using a constant polymeric parameter (see [19] for an analysis of the black hole interior using a nonconstant polymeric parameter). We consider the Hamiltonian constraint obtained in [15, 16]. In particular, we study the Hamiltonian constraint introduced in the first paper of reference [15, 16], where the authors have taken the general version of the constraint for real values of the Immirzi parameter .
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we briefly recall the Schwarzschild solution inside the event horizon () of [15, 16]. In Section 3, we introduce the Hamiltonian constraint in terms of holonomies and then the relative trigonometric form solving the Hamilton equations of motion. In Section 4, we give the metric form of the solution, and we discuss the new physics suggested by loop quantum gravity.
2. Schwarzschild solution inside the event horizon in Ashtekar variables
We recall the classical Schwarzschild solution inside the event horizon [15, 16]. For the homogeneous but nonisotropic Kantowski-Sachs space-time Ashtekar's, connection and density triads are (after the fixing of a residual global gauge symmetry on the spherically reduced phase space [15, 16]) The components variables in the phase space can be read from the symmetric-reduced connection and density triad we can read the components variables in the phase space: , . The Poisson algebra is , . Following [15, 16], we recall that the classical Hamiltonian constraint in terms of the components variables isin the gauge . Hamilton equations of motion areSolutions of (2.3) using the time parameter and redefining the integration constant (see the first of papers in [15, 16]) areThis is exactly the Schwarzschild solution inside the event horizon as you can verify passing to the metric form defined by ( contains the gravitational constant parameter ).
3. Semiclassical dynamics from loop quantum gravity
We recall now the Hamiltonian constraint coming from “loop quantum black hole” [15, 16] in terms of the explicit trigonometric form of holonomies. The Hamiltonian constraint depends explicitly on the parameter that defines the length of the curves along which we integrate the connections to define the holonomies [15, 16]. We use the notation for the hamiltonian constraint to stress the dependence on the parameter . The Hamiltonian constraint in terms of holonomies iswhere is the spatial section volume, and we have calculated the Poisson brackets using the symplectic structure given in Section 2. The holonomies areNow, we can solve exactly the new Hamilton equations of motion if we take a gauge, where the equations for the canonical pairs and are decoupled. A useful gauge is and in this particular gauge, the Hamiltonian constraint becomesFrom (3.3), we obtain two independent sets of equations of motion on the phase space:Solving the first two equations for and we obtainIntroducing a new time parameterization , we obtainIn (3.6), we have calculated the small limit for the solutions and , obtaining the Schwarzschild solution of paragraph one in (2.4) and calculated in [15, 16]. A substantial difference between the Schwarzschild solution and the solution (3.6) is that in the second case, there is an absolute minimum in , where assumes the value . In Section 4, we will analyze the new physics coming from loop quantum gravity Hamiltonian constraint.
At this point, we integrate the equation of motion for obtaining the following solution (we write the solution in the time coordinate ):To calculate we introduce the solutions in the Hamiltonian constraint, and we obtain from the algebraic constraint equation . The solution of this equation gives as function of the other phase space functions:To obtain the explicit form of in terms of the time coordinate , it is sufficient to introduce in (3.8) the solution calculated in (3.7).
We note that the solution is homogeneous until it satisfied the trigonometric property . Using (3.7), we can calculate the variable value (we define this ) until the solution is of Kantowski-Sachs-type, and we obtainHowever, we are interested in the semiclassical limit of the solution defined by , then in this particular limit (see also Section 4).
Following [15, 16], we study the trajectory on the plane , and we compare the result with the Schwarzschild solution of Section one. In Figure 1, we have a parametric plot of and (for ) and to amplify the quantum gravity effects in the plot (see Section 4). We can observe the substantial difference with the classical case. In the classical case (red line in Figure 1), for , and this point corresponds to the classical singularity. In the semiclassical case instead, we start from , where and (this point corresponds to the Schwarzschild horizon) and decreasing , we arrive to a minimum value for . From this point, starts to grow another time until it assumes a maximum value for that corresponds to a new horizon in localized (see Section 4, where we study the metric form of the solution). Our analysis refers to the region , and the plot in Figure 1 refers to this time interval. The solution calculated is regular in the region ; in fact the cotriad [15, 16] defined by (it is the inverse of the triad )is regular for all in the region .
(a)
(b)
4. Metric form of the solution
In this section, we present the metric form of the solution and we give a plot for any component of the Kantowski-Sachs metric . We start recalling the relation between connection and metric variables: We give now the explicit form of the metric components in terms of the temporal coordinate . The lapse function is where denotes and denotes . In Figure 2, we have compared the classical Schwarzschild solution inside the event horizon with the solution (4.2) for and (we have taken to amplify, in the plot, the loop quantum gravity modifications at the Planck scale). We can observe that the two solutions are identically when we approach to the event horizon (in which in the units used in the plot) but are very different when we go toward . As we have explained in Section 3, we consider the region and for the lapse function diverges . The semiclassical solution has a minimum before diverging in . In the classical solution instead (it is represented in red in Figure 2), is very small for and it goes to zero for .
The anisotropy function is related to and by (4.1), then by introducing (3.8) and (3.6) in the second relation of (4.1), we obtain where denotes and denotes. Figure 3 represents a plot of , in this case too, the semiclassical solution reduces to the classical solution when approaches the horizon but it is substantially different in the Planck region (we recall that in the plot, we have chosen to amplify the quantum correction to Schwarzschild solution, but a semiclassical analysis is correct for ).
(In [15, 16], the spectrum of the operator was calculated as follows:In this paper, we have used dimensionless variables then the parameter , which is related to the area eigenvalues by (4.4), is of order . The correct coefficient is and it is calculated in the first of [15, 16] comparing the area eigenvalues in the reduced Kantowski-Sachs model with the minimum area eigenvalue in full loop quantum gravity [20, 21].)
For the anisotropy as well as for the lapse function, it is important to remember that the solution refers to the region , while for , the anisotropy goes toward zero, . We can conclude that for , we have another event horizon; in fact for this particular value of the time coordinate, the lapse function diverges and contemporary the anisotropy goes to zero. This result is qualitatively similar to the modified Schwarzschild solution obtained in asymptotic safe gravity [6] for particular values of the black hole mass [17, 18]. However, is very small in our semiclassical analysis, and in this region, a complete quantum analysis of the problem is inevitable as developed in [15, 16].
The metric component represents the square radius of the two-sphere and it is related to the density triad component by the first relation reported in (4.1). Using the solution (3.6), we obtainIn Figure 4, we have a plot of and we can note a substantial difference with the classical solution. In the classical case, the two-sphere goes to zero for , in our semiclassical solution instead the sphere bounces on a minimum value of the radius, which is , and it expands again to infinity for . (We have taken the integration parameter to match with the classical Schwarzschild solution near the horizon, see (2.4) and the first of [15, 16].) The minimum of corresponds to the time coordinate and , in fact but , then for (we have showed that ), we obtain .
In Figure 5, we have a plot of the spatial section volume and we can see that the semiclassical volume has a substantially different structure at the Planck scale, where it shows a maximum for and it goes to zero for . The volume goes toward zero on the event horizons but this is not a problem for the singularity resolution because the horizons are coordinate singularities and not essential singularities.
Quantum Ambiguities and Semiclassical Solution
In this paragraph, we want to compare the quantum
spectrum of the operator with the semiclassical solution (4.5). At the
quantum level, the spectrum of ,
for a generic representation is [22]To compare the quantum spectrum
with the semiclassical solution, we must have a relation between the eigenvalue and the temporal coordinate .
We calculate this relation comparing the large limit of (4.6) and the semiclassical solution
near the horizon. The limit of (4.6) for large eigenvalues
givesand on the other side, we know
that near the event horizon ,
then comparing with (4.7), we obtain .
At this point, we have all the ingredients to compare the quantum operator
spectrum with the semiclassical solution. From the plot in Figure 6, it is natural to
interpret the semiclassical solution as the smooth approximation
of the quantum operator spectrum but the similarity between semiclassical and
quantum spectra is very stringent only if we choose
a particular relation between the black hole mass and the representation (in Figure 6, we have chosen and ). Using an heuristic argument, we can obtain
the general relation between and .
The relation is and now we go to show the validity of this
mass quantization formula.
In Figure 7, we have represented with a green line the quantum spectrum and with a red line the semiclassical solution for some values of the representation and of the mass . This plot suggests the possibility to interpret the representation ambiguities in (4.6) as a label for the mass (this idea remembers a recent result about the possibility to see ordinary matter as particular states in pure loop quantum gravity [23]). In fact in the semiclassical solution, we have a free parameter that corresponds to the black hole mass, and on the other side in the quantum spectrum, we have the representation as a free parameter. If we interpret the semiclassical solution as the smooth approximation of the quantum spectrum, it is possible to match the time coordinate of the maximum for the two solutions. This is possible only if we choose a particular relation between and the representation . To obtain this relation, we calculate the derivative of the spectrum (4.6) with respect to and we evaluate the derivative in ( is dimensionless in our analysis)where is the eigenvalue of . Observing (4.8), we see that in the spectrum the relative and absolute maximums correspond to points, where the derivative is divergent. Those points are in localized and this relation is also the mass quantization formula in Planck units. For any fixed value of the representation , the classical black hole mass corresponds to the absolute maximum of the quantum spectrum in such representation.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, we have solved the Hamilton equation of motion for the Kantowski-Sachs space-time using the regularized Hamiltonian constraint suggested by loop quantum gravity. We have obtained a solution reproducing the Schwarzschild solution near the event horizon but that is substantially different in the Planck region near the point , where the singularity is (classically) localized. The structure of the solution suggests the possibility to have another event horizon near the point (this is similar to the result in “asymptotic safety quantum gravity” [17, 18], but the radius of such horizon is smaller than the Planck length and in this region a complete quantum analysis of the problem is inevitable [15, 16]).
Another interesting result is related to the sphere part of the three metrics. We obtain that in the semiclassical analysis, the radius of the two-sphere does not vanish, as in the classical case, but the sphere bounces on a minimum radius and it expands again to infinity. The solution is summarized in Table 1.
Using a heuristic argument, we have calculated the mass quantization formula comparing the semiclassical and quantum spectra of the inverse of the sphere square radius, . Our arguments suggests that the mass spectrum formula .
It is possible that the semiclassical analysis performed here will shed light on the problem of the “information loss” in the process of black hole formation and evaporation. See, in particular [24] for a possible physical interpretation of the black hole information loss problem.
Acknowledgment
The author is grateful to Roberto Balbinot, Alfio Bonanno, and Eugenio Bianchi for many important and clarifying discussions.