Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 234147, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/234147

Copyright © 2009 Dmitrij V. Soroka and Vyacheslav A. Soroka. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

A semi-simple tensor extension of the Poincaré algebra is proposed for the arbitrary dimensions D. It is established that this extension is a direct sum of the D-dimensional Lorentz algebra so(D−1, 1) and D-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) algebra so(D−1, 2). A supersymmetric also semi-simple generalization of this extension is constructed in the D=4 dimensions. It is shown that this generalization is a direct sum of the 4-dimensional Lorentz algebra so(3, 1) and orthosymplectic algebra osp(1, 4) (super-AdS algebra).

1. Introduction

In the papers [1–7] the Poincaré algebra for the generators of the rotations and translations in dimensions,

(1.1)

has been extended by means of the second rank tensor generator in the following way:

(1.2)

where is some constant (Note that, to avoid the double count under summation over the pair antisymmetric indices, we adopt the rules which are illustrated by the following example:

(1.3)

where are structure constants, and so on.)

Such an extension makes common sense, since it is homomorphic to the usual Poincaré algebra (1.1). Moreover, in the limit the algebra (1.2) goes to the semidirect sum of the commutative ideal , and Poincaré algebra (1.1).

It is remarkable enough that the momentum square Casimir operator of the Poincaré algebra under this extension ceases to be the Casimir operator, and it is generalized by adding the term linearly dependent on the angular momentum

(1.4)

where . Due to this fact, an irreducible representation of the extended algebra (1.2) has to contain the fields with the different masses [4, 8]. This extension with noncommuting momenta has also something in common with the ideas of the papers [9–11] and with the noncommutative geometry idea [12].

It is interesting to note that in spite of the fact that the algebra (1.2) is not semi-simple and therefore has a degenerate Cartan-Killing metric tensor nevertheless there exists another nondegenerate invariant tensor in adjoint representation which corresponds to the quadratic Casimir operator (1.4), where the matrix is inverse to the matrix .

There are other quadratic Casimir operators

(1.5) (1.6)

Note that the Casimir operator (1.6), dependent on the Levi-Civita tensor , is suitable only for the dimensions.

It has also been shown that for the dimensions the extended Poincaré algebra (1.2) allows the following supersymmetric generalization:

(1.7) with the help of the supertranslation generators . In (1.7) is a charge conjugation matrix, is some constant, and , where is the Dirac matrix. Under this supersymmetric generalization the quadratic Casimir operator (1.4) is modified into the following form:

(1.8)

while the form of the rest quadratic Casimir operators (1.5), (1.6) remains unchanged.

In the present paper we propose another possible semi-simple tensor extension of the -dimensional Poincaré algebra (1.1) which turns out a direct sum of the -dimensional Lorentz algebra and -dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) algebra . For the case dimensions we give for this extension a supersymmetric generalization which is a direct sum of the 4-dimensional Lorentz algebra and orthosymplectic algebra (super-AdS algebra). In the limit this supersymmetrically generalized extension go to the Lie superalgebra (1.2), (1.7).

Let us note that the introduction of the semi-simple extension of the (super) Poincaré algebra is very important for the construction of the models, since it is easier to deal with the nondegenerate space-time symmetry.

2. Semi-Simple Tensor Extension

Let us extend the Poincaré algebra (1.1) in the dimensions by means of the tensor generator in the following way:

(2.1) where and are some constants. This Lie algebra, when the quantities and are taken as the generators of a homomorphism kernel, is homomorphic to the usual Lorentz algebra. It is remarkable that the Lie algebra (2.1) is semi-simple in contrast to the Poincaré algebra (1.1) and extended Poincaré algebra (1.2).

The extended Lie algebra (2.1) has the following quadratic Casimir operators:

(2.2) (2.3) (2.4)

Note that in the limit the algebra (2.1) tends to the algebra (1.2) and the quadratic Casimir operators (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4) are turned into (1.4), (1.5), and (1.6), respectively.

The symmetric tensor

(2.5)

with arbitrary constants and is invariant with respect to the adjoint representation

(2.6)

Conversely, if we demand the invariance with respect to the adjoint representation of the second rank contravariant symmetric tensor, then we come to the structure (2.5) (see also the relation (32) in [6]).

The semi-simple algebra (2.1)

(2.7)

has the nondegenerate Cartan-Killing metric tensor

(2.8)

which is invariant with respect to the coadjoint representation

(2.9)

With the help of the inverse metric tensor we can construct the quadratic Casimir operator which, as it turned out, has the following expression in terms of the quadratic Casimir operators (2.2) and (2.3):

(2.10)

that corresponds to the particular choice of the constants and in (2.5).

The extended Poincaré algebra (2.1) can be rewritten in the form

(2.11) (2.12) (2.13)

where the metric tensor has the following nonzero components:

(2.14)

The generators

(2.15)

form the Lorentz algebra , and the generators

(2.16)

form the algebra (Note that in the case we obtain the anti-de Sitter algebra .). The algebra (2.11)–(2.13) is a direct sum of the -dimensional Lorentz algebra and -dimensional anti-de Sitter algebra, correspondingly.

The quadratic Casimir operators , and of the algebra (2.11)–(2.13) are expressed in terms of the operators (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4) in the following way:

(2.17) (2.18) (2.19)

3. Supersymmetric Generalization

In the case dimensions the extended Poincaré algebra (2.1) admits the following supersymmetric generalization:

(3.1) where are the supertranslation generators.

Under such a generalization the Casimir operator (2.2) is modified by adding a term quadratic in the supertranslation generators

(3.2)

whereas the form of the rest quadratic Casimir operators (2.3) and (2.4) is not changed. In (3.2) is a set of the generators for also the semi-simple extended superalgebra (2.1), (3.1).

The tensor

(3.3)

is invariant with respect to the adjoint representation

(3.4) where is a Grassmann parity of the quantity . In (3.4) and are arbitrary constants and nonzero elements of the matrix equal to the elements of the matrix followed from (2.3). Again, by demanding the invariance with respect to the adjoint representation of the second rank contravariant tensor , we come to the structure (3.4) (see also the relation (32) in [6]).

The semi-simple Lie superalgebra (2.1) (3.1) has the nondegenerate Cartan-Killing metric tensor (see the relation (A.6) in the Appendix A) which is invariant with respect to the coadjoint representation

(3.5)

With the use of the inverse metric tensor ,

(3.6)

we can construct the quadratic Casimir operator (see the relation (A.11) in the Appendix A) which takes the following expression in terms of the Casimir operators (2.3) and (3.2):

(3.7)

that meets the particular choice of the constants and in (3.4).

In the case the extended superalgebra (2.1), (3.1) can be rewritten in the form of the relations (2.11)–(2.13) and the following ones:

(3.8) (3.9) (3.10)

where

(3.11)

The generators (2.15) form the Lorentz algebra and the generators (2.16), form the orthosymplectic algebra . We see that superalgebra (2.11)–(2.13), (3.8)–(3.10) is a direct sum of the 4-dimensional Lorentz algebra and 4-dimensional super-AdS algebra, respectively.

In this case the Casimir operator (2.17) is modified by adding a term quadratic in the supertranslation generators

(3.12)

while the form of the quadratic Casimir operators (2.18) and (2.19) is not changed.

4. Conclusion

Thus, we proposed the semi-simple second rank tensor extension of the Poincaré algebra in the arbitrary dimensions and super-Poincaré algebra in the dimensions. It is very important, since under construction of the models, it is more convenient to deal with the nondegenerate space-time symmetry. We also constructed the quadratic Casimir operators for the semi-simple extended Poincaré and super Poincaré algebra.

It is interesting to develop the models based on these extended algebra. The work in this direction is in progress.

Appendix

A. Properties of Lie Superalgerbra

Permutation relations for the generators of Lie superalgebra are

(A.1)

Structure constants have the Grassmann parity

(A.2)

following symmetry property:

(A.3)

and obey the Jacobi identities

(A.4)

where the symbol means a cyclic permutation of the quantities , and . In the relations (A.1)–(A.4) every index takes either a Grassmann-even value or a Grassmann-odd one . The relations (A.1) have the following components:

(A.5)

The Lie superalgebra possesses the Cartan-Killing metric tensor

(A.6)

which components are

(A.7)

As a consequence of the relations (A.3) and (A.4) the tensor with low indices

(A.8)

has the following symmetry properties:

(A.9)

For a semi-simple Lie superalgebra the Cartan-Killing metric tensor is nondegenerate and therefore there exists an inverse tensor ,

(A.10)

In this case, as a result of the symmetry properties (A.9), the quantity

(A.11)

is a Casimir operator

(A.12)

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to J.A. de Azcarraga for the valuable remark. They are greatly indebted to the referee for the constructive comments. One of the authors (V.A.S.) thanks the administration of the Office of Associate and Federation Schemes of the Abdus Salam ICTP for the kind hospitality at Trieste where this work has been completed. The research of V.A.S. was partially supported by the Ukrainian National Academy of Science and Russian Fund of Fundamental Research, Grant no. 38/50-2008.

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