Particle Production in Strong Electromagnetic Fields in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Figure 11

Effective potential 𝑈(𝑥)=𝑚²+(𝑝_𝑧+𝑒𝐵𝑥)²+𝑝²_𝑥−𝑒𝐸𝑥−𝑚²+𝑝²_𝑥+𝑝²_𝑥 for 𝑝_𝑥=0,𝑝_𝑧=𝑚/6,and𝐵=𝑚 (except the blue line where 𝐵=0). The width of the potential barrier decreases with 𝐸 and increases with 𝐵. 1−𝜖₀ corresponds to the binding energy in units of 𝑚.