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</svg> Collision at the LHC

Köksal, M.; İnan, S. C.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/315826

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 315826 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/315826

Search for the Anomalous Interactions of Up-Type Heavy Quarks in Collision at the LHC

M. Köksal¹and S. C. İnan¹

Academic Editor: Amir H. Fatollahi

Received22 Mar 2013

Revised06 Aug 2013

Accepted23 Aug 2013

Published20 Jan 2014

Abstract

We investigate the anomalous interactions of heavy up-type quark in a collision at the LHC. We have obtained 95% confidence level (CL) limit of () anomalous coupling by taking into account three forward detector acceptances: , , and .

1. Introduction

The Standard Model (SM) ensures a conspicuously successful description of high energy physics at an energy scale of up to a few hundred GeV. However, the number of fermion families is arbitrary in the Standard Model (SM). The only limitation on number of fermion families comes from asymptotic freedom . We should use at least three fermion families to obtain CP violation [1] in the SM. CP violation could explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The SM with three families is not enough to show the reel magnitude for matter-antimatter asymmetry of universe. However, this problem can be solved when the number of family reaches four [2]. Also, the existence of three or four families is equally consistent with the updated electroweak precision data [3, 4]. The possible discovery of the fourth SM family may help to respond to some unanswered questions about electroweak symmetry breaking [5–7], fermion’s mass and mixing pattern [8–10], and flavor structure of the SM [11–14].

Higgs boson is a theoretical particle that is suggested by the SM. Many experiments were conducted so far to detect Higgs boson. A boson consistent with this boson was a detected in 2012, but it may take quite time to demonstrate certainly whether this particle is indeed a Higgs boson. If the lately surveyed 125 GeV boson is Higgs boson of the SM [15, 16], the presence of the fourth family would be disfavoured [17–19]. Besides, a theory with extended Higgs sector beyond the SM [20] can still include a fourth fermion family even though the 125 GeV boson is one of the forecasted extended Higgs bosons. Moreover, the other models estimate the presence of a heavy quark as a partner to the top quark [21, 22].

Current bounds on the masses of the fourth SM fermion families are given as follows: GeV [23], GeV [24], GeV, GeV for Dirac (Majorana) neutrinos [25]. When we analyze our results we have taken into account LHC limits in TeV. For this purpose, we have assumed mass to be greater than its current experimental limits. The fourth SM quarks would be produced abundantly in pairs at the LHC via the strong interaction for masses below O(1 TeV) [26–29], with fairly large cross sections. The exact designation of their properties can ensure important advantage in the determination of new physics which is established upon high energy scales. Moreover, we can expect a crucial addition from anomalous interactions for production of fourth family quarks. These interactions have been investigated at lepton colliders [30, 31], colliders [32], colliders [10, 33–35], and hadron colliders [8, 28, 36–45].

The LHC has high energetic proton-proton collisions with high luminosity. It provides high statistics data. We expect that this collider will answer many open questions in particle physics. Research of exclusive production of proton-proton interactions opens a new field of surveying high energy photon-induced reactions such as photon-photon and photon-proton interactions. ATLAS and CMS Collaborations established a program of forward physics with new detectors located in a region almost 100 m–400 m from the central detectors. These detectors are called very forward detectors. They can detect intact protons which are scattered after the collisions. Very forward detectors can label intact protons with some momentum fraction loss given the formula . Here, is the momentum of intact scattered proton after the collision and is the momentum of incoming proton. ATLAS Forward Physics Collaboration (AFP) proposed an acceptance of for the forward detectors [46]. Two types of measurements will be planned to examine with high precision using the AFP [47–49]: first, exploratory physics (anomalous couplings between and or bosons, exclusive production, etc.) and second, standard QCD physics (double Pomeron exchange, exclusive production in the jet channel, single diffraction, physics, etc.). These studies will develop the HERA and Tevatron measurements to the LHC kinematical region. Also, CMS-TOTEM forward detector scenario has acceptance regions and [50, 51]. The TOTEM experiment at the LHC is concentrated on the studies of the total proton-proton cross-section, the elastic scattering, and all classes of diffractive phenomena. Detectors housed in Roman Pots which can be moved close to the outgoing proton beams allow to trigger on elastic and diffractive protons and to determine their parameters like the momentum loss and the transverse momentum transfer. Moreover, charged particle detectors in the forward domains can detect nearly all inelastic events. Together with the CMS detector, a large solid angle is covered enabling precise studies [52–54]. The forward detectors of ATLAS and CMS were not built in the first phase of the LHC. However, the CMS forward detectors were commissioned in 2009. The first measurement of the forward energy flow has been carried out and forward jets at have been analyzed for the first time at Hadron Colliders [55]. Also, two photon reactions , were examined with the help of forward detectors by the CMS Collaboration in 2012 [56, 57]. On the other hand, AFP Collaboration has not yet installed the forward detectors. The forward detectors are planned to be built 210 m away from the central detectors in 2013. Additionally, 420 m additional detectors will be installed if physics motivates it later [58]. Forward detectors allow to determine high energy photon-photon process. This process occurred by two almost real photons with low virtuality emitted from protons. The proton structure does not spoil in this process due to low virtuality of photons. Therefore, intact scattered protons after the collision can be detected by the aid of the forward detectors. Searching new physics via photon-induced reactions have been studied in earlier works [59–69].

Photon-photon interaction can be explained by equivalent photon approximation [70, 71]. Emitted quasireal photons by protons with low virtuality produce an object via process. The cross section of this process can be found by where is the invariant mass of the two-photon system, is the cross section for subprocess , and is the luminosity spectrum of photon-photon collisions. can be given as follows [63]: with where and are functions of equivalent photon energy spectrum. The photon spectrum with energy and virtuality is given by the following [70]: where The terms in the previous equations are the following: is the energy of the proton beam which is related to the photon energy by , is the proton mass, is function of the magnetic form factor, and is function of the electric form factor and is the proton magnetic moment.

In this study, we have examined the anomalous interaction of up-type quark via the () process by considering three forward detector acceptances; , , and .

2. Anomalous Interaction of Quark

The fourth family quark can interact with the ordinary quarks via SM gauge bosons (, , , ). The lagrangian of this interaction is expressed by where is the electromagnetic coupling constant, is the strong coupling constant, is the weak neutral current coupling constant, and are the vector and axial-vector type couplings of the neutral weak current with quark, are the Gell-Mann matrices, and is the electric charge of quark. The vector fields , , , and represent photon, gluon, -boson, and -boson, respectively. Finally, the are the elements of the extended CKM mixing matrix. In [19] they found that the maximum value of the fourth generation quark mass is ~300 GeV for a Higgs boson mass of ~125 GeV, which is already in conflict with bounds from direct searches. Therefore, we have considered that is a heavy quark instead of fourth generation quark. The quark is heavier than the top quark. It is accepted as the heaviest particle, and it is couple the flavor changing neutral currents, leading to an enhancement in the resonance processes at the LHC. The interaction Lagrangian for the anomalous interactions between the quark, ordinary quarks , , , and the gauge bosons , , is given as follows: where , , and are the anomalous couplings with photon, boson, and gluon, respectively. is new physics scale and . , , and are the field stress tensor of the photon, boson, and gluons, respectively. Jets that originate from light quarks (, , and ) differ from heavy quarks ( and ) in the final state at the LHC. Therefore, anomalous coupling can be distinguished from coupling via the process , if anomalous couplings are not equal to . It can be understood that the bound on product through the process can be also examined. However, we consider that is equal to in our paper. For the fourth family leptons coupling was calculated in the literature for the photon-photon fusion at the LHC [72]. Also, coupling can be examined through the process . But study of the and couplings is difficult for this process since and quarks cannot be distinguished from each other.

Using interaction Lagrangian in (7) anomalous decay widths of quarks can be obtained as follows: where is the mass of the quark and is the electromagnetic coupling constant.

The subprocess consists of and channel tree-level SM diagrams. Additionally, there are two Feynman diagrams containing quark propagators in and channels. The whole polarization summed amplitude square of this process has been calculated as follows: where , , and are the Mandelstam variables and we omit the mass of ordinary quark . We have supposed TeV to be center of mass energy of the proton-proton system during calculations.

The leading order background process comes from QCD-induced reactions (pomeron exchange). Pomerons emitted from incoming protons can interact with each other, and they can occur at the same final state. However, survival probability for a pomeron exchange is quite smaller than survival probability of induced photons. Therefore, pomeron background is expected to have minor effect on sensitivity bounds [73, 74].

In Figure 1, we have plotted the SM and total cross sections of () process as a function ( cut) transverse momentum of final state quarks for three forward detector acceptances: , , and . Here, and are taken to be GeV, 1 TeV, respectively. From these figures, we see that the SM and total cross sections can be distinguished from each other at large values of the cut. Then, it can be understood that imposing higher values of cut can reduce the SM background. These cuts allow to obtaining better sensitivity bounds.

(a)

(b)

(c)

In this motivation, we show the SM event numbers of for different values of cut and luminosities in Tables 1, 2, and 3 for acceptance regions , , and , respectively. During statistical analysis we use two different techniques. In the first approach we apply cuts on the of the final state quarks to suppress the SM cross section. We make the number of SM event smaller than . Then it is very appropriate to set bounds on the couplings using a Poisson distribution since the number of SM events with these cuts is small enough. From our calculations, cuts are obtained as 380 GeV and 452 GeV for two acceptance regions and in order to be less than the number of SM event, respectively. Since the invariant mass of the final state quarks for is greater than 1400 GeV, the SM cross section is very small. Hence, it does not need a high cut for acceptance region. Moreover, ATLAS and CMS have central detectors with a pseudorapidity for the tracking system at the LHC. Therefore, for all of the calculations in this paper, we also apply cut. The parameter plane is plotted at CL using Poisson analysis for the three different acceptances , and in Figure 2. In Figures 2(a) and 2(b), we use the different values for every acceptance region to obtain less than event number of SM: (a) GeV for ; (b) GeV for as mentioned above. In Figure 2(c), we applied a cut of GeV for for detection of the final state quarks in central detectors.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Second analyze technique, we have used to one-parameter analyze when the SM event number larger than . The function is given as follows: where is the cross section of SM, is the cross section containing new physics effects, and is the statistical error. In Figure 3, the parameter plane is plotted at CL using analysis for the two different acceptances and . For the acceptance region we cannot use analysis due to SM event number being smaller than as seen from Table 3. We have found from Figure 3 that acceptance region provides more restrictive limit than acceptance region because new physics effect comes from high energy region.

(a)

(b)

3. Conclusions

Forward detector equipments at the LHC can discern intact scattered protons after the collision. Hence, we can distinguish exclusive photon-photon processes with respect to deep inelastic scattering which damages the proton structure. Since photon-photon interaction has very clean environment, it is important to examine new physics for a given detector acceptance region through photon-induced reactions. Moreover, this interaction can isolate to coupling from the other gauge boson couplings. In these motivations, we have researched the anomalous interaction of quark via process at the LHC to investigate anomalous coupling. Our results show that the sensitivity of the anomalous TeV coupling can be reached at TeV and fb⁻¹ for the GeV, . As a result, the exclusive reaction at the LHC offers us an important opportunity to probe anomalous couplings of quark.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 M. Köksal and S. C. İnan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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