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Azizi, K.; Sundu, H.; Süngü, J. Y.; Yinelek, N.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4692341

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 4692341 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4692341

Transition Form Factors of in QCD

K. Azizi,¹H. Sundu,²J. Y. Süngü,²and N. Yinelek²

Academic Editor: Enrico Lunghi

Received27 Oct 2015

Revised13 Jan 2016

Accepted28 Jan 2016

Published17 Mar 2016

Abstract

The form factors of the semileptonic decay are calculated by using the QCD sum rule technique. The results obtained are then used to estimate the decay widths of this transition in all lepton channels. The orders of decay rates indicate that this transition is accessible at LHC for all lepton channels.

1. Introduction

Quarkonia are flavorless bound states composed of combinations of quarks and their antiquarks. Since discovery of meson in 1974, many new quarkonia states have been detected. The quarkonia systems consist of charmonium and bottomonium. Due to the large mass there are no toponium bound states and no light quark-antiquark states because of the mixture of the light quarks in experiments. The large mass difference between charm and bottom quarks prevents them from mixing. The heavy quark bound states may provide key tools for understanding the interactions between quarks, new hadronic production mechanisms and transitions, and the magnitude of the CKM matrix elements and also analyzing the results of heavy-ion experiments.

The suppression in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions was first suggested as a signal of the formation of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). However, most recently, attentions have shifted to the bottomonium states due to the fact that they are more massive than charmonium states. The bottom quarks and antiquarks are relatively rare within the plasma, so the probability for reproduction of the bottomonium states through recombination is much smaller than for charm quarks. Consequently, the bottomonium system is expected to be a cleaner probe of the QGP than the charmonium system. Hence investigations on the properties of bottomonium systems can help us get useful information not only about the nature of the systems, but also on the existence of QGP.

Since the discovery of quarkonium states, QCD sum rule technique as one of the most powerful nonperturbative tools to hadron physics [1, 2] has played an important role in understanding the quarkonia spectrum. In order to find missing states one should know their physical properties to develop a successful search strategy. Clearly significant progress in understanding of quarkonium production cannot be reached without detailed measurements of the cross sections and fractions of the quarkonia. Thereby, form factors and decay widths of quarkonia become significant for completing quarkonia spectrum. Completing the bottomonium spectrum is a crucial validation of theoretical calculations and a test of our understanding of bottomonium states in the context of the quark model. Bottomonium states are considered as great laboratories to search for the properties od QCD at low energies.

In this connection, we investigate the decay properties of tensor meson as one of the important members of the bottomonia to the heavy meson in the present work. The meson with is the only meson consisting of two heavy quarks with different flavors. Yet other possible states (the scalar, vector, axial-vector, and tensor) have not been observed; however, many new species are expected to be produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the near future.

Taking into account the two-gluon condensate corrections, the transition form factors of the semileptonic decay channel are calculated within the three-point QCD sum rule. We use the values of transition form factors to estimate the decay rate of the transition under consideration at all lepton channels. The interpolating current of with quantum numbers contains derivatives with respect to space-time. So we start our calculations in the coordinate space; then we apply the Fourier transformation to go to the momentum space. To suppress the contributions of the higher states and continuum, we apply a double Borel transformation.

The paper is organized as follows. We derive the QCD sum rules for the transition form factors in Section 2. Last section is devoted to the numerical analysis of the obtained sum rules, estimation of the decay rates at all lepton channels, and concluding remarks.

2. QCD Sum Rules for Transition Form Factors

The semileptonic decay is based on transition at quark level whose effective Hamiltonian can be written aswhere is the Fermi weak coupling constant and is element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mixing matrix. After sandwiching the effective Hamiltonian between the initial and final states, the amplitude of this transition is obtained in terms of transition matrix elements. These matrix elements will be parameterized in terms of transition form factors later.

In order to start our calculations, we consider the three-point correlation functionwhere is the time-ordering operator and is the transition current. To proceed we also need the interpolating currents of the initial and final mesons in terms of the quark fields, which are given aswhere the covariant derivative denotes the four derivatives with respect to acting on two sides simultaneousely and it is defined aswithHere, are the Gell-Mann matrices and denote the external gluon fields.

According to the method used, the correlation function in (2) is calculated in two different ways. In physical or phenomenological side we obtain it in terms of hadronic parameters such as masses and decay constants. In QCD or theoretical side we evaluate it in terms of QCD degrees of freedom like quark masses as well as quark and gluon condensates via operator product expansion (OPE). The QCD sum rules for form factors are obtained by equating the above representations to each other. After applying a double Borel transformation, the contributions of the higher states and continuum are suppressed.

The hadronic side of the correlation function is obtained by inserting complete sets of intermediate states into (2). After performing the four integrals over and , we getwhere “” denotes the contribution of the higher states and continuum. To go further, we need to know the following matrix elements:where , , , and are transition form factors; is the polarization tensor associated with the tensor meson; and are leptonic decay constants of and mesons, respectively, and .

Putting all matrix elements given in (7) into (6), the final representation of the correlation function on physical side is obtained aswhereNote that we represented only the structures which we will use to find the corresponding form factors. Meanwhile, we used the following summation over the polarization tensors to obtain (8):whereThe next step is to calculate the QCD side of the correlation function in deep Euclidean region, where and via OPE. Placing the explicit expressions of the interpolating currents into the correlation function and contracting out all quark pairs via Wick’s theorem, we obtainwhere is the heavy quark propagator and it is given by [3]where or quark. Replacing the explicit expression of the heavy quark propagators in (12) and applying integrals over and , we find the QCD side asHere with are the perturbative parts which are expressed in terms of double dispersion integrals aswhere the spectral densities are defined as . The spectral densities corresponding to four different structures shown in (14) are obtained asThe function in nonperturbative parts is calculated in a similar manner and by considering the two-gluon condensates contributes. Having calculated both the physical and OPE sides of the correlation function, now, we match them to find QCD sum rules for form factors. In the Borel scheme we getwhere and are Borel mass parameters; and are continuum thresholds in the initial and final channels. Here, is the step function and is given byThe functions are written aswhere are very lengthy functions and we do not present their explicit expressions here.

3. Numerical Results

To numerically analyze the sum rules obtained for the form factors, we use the meson masses from PDG [4]. Considering the fact that the results of sum rules considerably depend on the quark masses, decay constants, and gluon condensate, we use the values of these parameters from different sources. For the quark masses we take into account all the pole values and those obtained at scheme from [5–15]. For , we consider all the values predicted using different methods in [16–19]. In the case of , we use the only value that exists in the literature, that is, [20]. For the gluon condensate, we also use its value from different sources [1, 21–28] calculated via different approaches.

From the sum rules for the form factors it is also clear that they contain extra four auxiliary parameters, namely, the Borel parameters and as well as continuum thresholds and . The general criteria are that the physical quantities like form factors should be independent of these parameters. Therefore, we need to determine their working regions such that the form factors weakly depend on these parameters. To find the Borel windows, we require that the higher states and continuum contributions are sufficiently suppressed and the perturbative parts exceed the nonperturbative contributions and the series of OPE converge. As a result we get the windows: and . The continuum thresholds and are not completely arbitrary but they are related to the energy of the first excited states with the same quantum numbers as the interpolating currents of the initial and final channels. In this work the continuum thresholds are chosen in the intervals and .

The dependence of form factors and , as examples, on Borel parameters and at is plotted in Figures 1 and 2. From these figures we see that form factors show overall weak dependence on the Borel mass parameters. The behaviors of the form factors , , , and in terms of are shown in Figures 3–6. In these figures, the red triangles show the QCD sum rule predictions, yellow-solid line denotes the prediction of fit function obtained using the central values of the input parameters, and the green band shows the uncertainty due to errors of input parameters. Note that to obtain the central values, we consider the average values of input parameters discussed above; however, to calculate the uncertainties we consider all errors of these parameters from different sources previously quoted. As it is seen from these figures the sum rules results are truncated at some points. Hence, to enlarge the region to whole physical region we need to find some fit functions such that their results coincide well with the QCD sum rules predictions at reliable regions. For this reason we show the dependence of form factors including both the sum rules and fit results in Figures 3–6. Our numerical calculations reveal that the following fit function well defines the form factors under consideration:where the values of the parameters , , and obtained at and for transition are presented in Table 1.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

Our final purpose in this section is to obtain the decay width of the transition at all lepton channels. The differential decay width for this transition is obtained asAfter performing integration over in (21) in the interval , we obtain the total decay widths as presented in Table 2 for different leptons. The errors belong to the uncertainties coming from the determination of the working regions for auxiliary parameters as well as those of the other input parameters. The orders of decay rates at all lepton channels show that these transitions are accessible at LHC in near future.

In summary, we have calculated the transition form factors for the semileptonic transition using QCD sum rule technique. We took into account the two-gluon condensate contributions as nonperturbative effects. We used these form factors to estimate the order of decay widths at all lepton channels. The order of decay width reveals that these transitions can be seen at LHC in the near future. Any comparison of the experimental results with our predictions can provide us with essential knowledge on the nature of the tensor state.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2016 K. Azizi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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